Major Advances in Monkeypox Vaccine Research and Development – An Update

Chandran, Deepak; Nandanagopal, V.G.; Gopan, Malu; Megha, K.; Sankar, C.R. Hari; Aslam, M.K. Muhammad; Savanth, V. Vishnu; Mohankumar, Pran; Nainu, Firzan; Yatoo, Mohd Iqbal; Rehman, Mohammad Ebad Ur; Chopra, Hitesh; Emran, Talha Bin; Dey, Abhijit; Sharma, Anil Kumar; Saied, AbdulRahman A; Dhama, Kuldeep

doi:10.22207/jpam.16.spl1.08

Cited by 3 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 75 publications

(131 reference statements)

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“…The JYNNEOS vaccine, which is licensed for the protection of smallpox and mpox, is recommended for patients with HIV since it uses a live, nonreplicating modified vaccinia Ankara virus. 25,122 To sum up, the 85% efficacy offered by cross-immunity means that the current smallpox vaccinations are also licensed for mpox. However, before recommending or not vaccinating immunosuppressed patients, it is essential to be well informed of the type of vaccine that local authorities are obtaining.…”

Section: Immunosuppressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There has been an uptick in reported cases of mpox in Nigeria since 2017, following an almost 40-year absence of such reports. 24,25 WHO reported in 2022 that mpox REVISED Amendments from Version 1 In this version of the article, the authors made some edits as follows:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[26][27][28] The documented incubation period of mpox is 5-21 days and clinical symptoms range from widespread rashes with secondary fungal or bacterial skin infections or tissue death (necrosis) to intestine obstruction, and difficulties with the heart, lungs, urinary system, and nervous systems. 25,27 Since several Orthopoxvirus species share genetic and antigenic characteristics, getting infected with one of them may provide significant protection from getting infected with the others. The vaccinia virus vaccine offers defense against illnesses brought on by the variola major, mpox, or cowpox viruses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There has been an uptick in reported cases of mpox in Nigeria since 2017, following an almost 40-year absence of such reports. 24 , 25 WHO reported in 2022 that mpox was endemic in several African countries, including Benin, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Ghana (identified in animals only), Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and South Sudan. There were 1284 probable cases of mpox and 58 deaths reported between January and May of 2022, with the majority of cases occurring in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The documented incubation period of mpox is 5-21 days and clinical symptoms range from widespread rashes with secondary fungal or bacterial skin infections or tissue death (necrosis) to intestine obstruction, and difficulties with the heart, lungs, urinary system, and nervous systems. 25 , 27 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monkeypox (mpox) in immunosuppressed patients

et al. 2023

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The World Health Organization (WHO) proclaimed a public health emergency in July 2022 due to the emergence of Mpox (formerly monkeypox) while the globe was still dealing with the COVID-19 epidemic. The characteristics of mpox in immunocompetent individuals are well-characterized, despite difficulties in diagnostics, immunization, and access to treatment that persist in low-income countries. Patients with weakened immune systems are more likely to spread an illness and die from it than healthy people because they cannot mount a protective immune response against it, such as a neutralizing IgG and poxvirus-specific Th1 response. A health warning on severe mpox in people who are immunocompromised due to Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other illnesses was released by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on September 29, 2022. The advice does not specifically include primary immunodeficiency, but it does define other immunocompromising disorders as “having autoimmune disease with immunodeficiency as a clinical component”. Both those with healthy immune systems and those with weakened immune systems, such as those who are immunosuppressed, older people, children, etc., have encountered serious health issues, but the latter group is more likely to do so. According to the advisory, “of the people with severe mpox manifestations for whom CDC has been consulted, the majority have had HIV with CD4 counts 200 cells/ml, indicating substantial immunosuppression”. However, new cases are still expected to be discovered, especially in low-income countries with limited access to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, and where a large percentage of the mpox-infected population also has advanced HIV infection. Thus, further research is always needed to determine the best way to treat mpox in immunocompromised people. In this context, we discussed /reviewed the mpox clinical presentation, available treatment options and current preventive guidelines in immunocompromised patients.

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Section: Immunosuppressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monkeypox (mpox) in immunosuppressed patients

et al. 2023

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Insights into the Transmission, Host Range, Genomics, Vaccination, and Current Epidemiology of the Monkeypox Virus

Araf,

Nipa,

Naher

et al. 2024

Veterinary Medicine International

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This review delves into the historical context, current epidemiological landscape, genomics, and pathobiology of monkeypox virus (MPXV). Furthermore, it elucidates the present vaccination status and strategies to curb the spread of monkeypox. Monkeypox, caused by the Orthopoxvirus known as MPXV, is a zoonotic ailment. MPXV can be transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets during prolonged face-to-face interactions. While many cases of monkeypox are self-limiting, vulnerable groups such as young children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals may experience severe manifestations. Diagnosis predominantly relies on clinical presentations, complemented by laboratory techniques like RT-PCR. Although treatment is often not required, severe cases necessitate antiviral medications like tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir. Vaccination, particularly using the smallpox vaccine, has proven instrumental in outbreak control, exhibiting an efficacy of at least 85% against mpox as evidenced by data from Africa. Mitigating transmission requires measures like wearing surgical masks, adequately covering skin lesions, and avoiding handling wild animals.

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Monkeypox virus infection and myocarditis: A review of current evidence and possible pathogenesis

Ahmed

Dabou

Abdelsamad

et al. 2023

Narra J

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The recent spread of the monkeypox virus (MPXV), causing monkeypox (mpox), to non-endemic areas, and the atypical and unusual clinical manifestations observed during its 2022 outbreak has focused international interest on the clinical features of the disease. Mpox is usually a self-limiting disease with mild symptoms with common manifestations, including fever and skin lesions; however, severe manifestations could occur in some vulnerable groups (children and those with impaired immune systems) and may present multisystem complications and fatal outcomes. In most cases, a fever is the first sign of disease, followed by the development of various inflammatory lesions on the skin, such as vesiculopustular rashes and ulcers. Pneumonitis, encephalitis, keratitis, secondary bacterial infections, acute kidney injury, and myocarditis are all possible outcomes of the infection. Myocarditis has been reported to be caused by orthopoxviruses, and it is a serious condition of which its pathophysiology is little understood. Recent reports have indicated myocarditis with cardiac involvement as a possible atypical and unusual consequence of the MPXV infection during present outbreak. This review provides an overview of the clinical manifestations of mpox with a special focus on its effects on the heart, including myocarditis. The evidence of the myocarditis in mpox patients and its possible pathogenesis are discussed.

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Major Advances in Monkeypox Vaccine Research and Development – An Update

Cited by 3 publications

References 75 publications

Monkeypox (mpox) in immunosuppressed patients

Monkeypox (mpox) in immunosuppressed patients

Insights into the Transmission, Host Range, Genomics, Vaccination, and Current Epidemiology of the Monkeypox Virus

Monkeypox virus infection and myocarditis: A review of current evidence and possible pathogenesis

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