Maintenance mechanisms for the early‐morning maximum summer rainfall over southeast China

Huang, Wan‐Ru; Chan, Johnny C. L.

doi:10.1002/qj.815

Cited by 33 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(62 reference statements)

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“…Meanwhile, mechanisms behind S2 cycle have rarely been discussed partly due to low temporal resolution of precipitation data to resolve the S2 harmonic. Nevertheless, Dai (), for instance, found that the S2 cycle is more significant over the oceans and consistent with the phase of semidiurnal atmospheric tides, and Huang and Chan () proposed that the S2 variation over southeast China is induced by land–sea differential heating.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Evaluation of diurnal variation of GPM IMERG‐derived summer precipitation over the contiguous US using MRMS data

Sungmin

Kirstetter

2018

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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Precipitation Measurement (GPM), which provides merged microwave and infrared satellite precipitation estimates, over the contiguous US. The study focuses on diurnal variations in precipitation during a two-year summer period (June-August, 2014-2015). The normalized amplitude and phase of the diurnal cycle of IMERG are evaluated against those of ground reference from the Multi-Radar/Multi-Sensor system in terms of precipitation amount, frequency and intensity on a 1 • /1 h scale. IMERG well captures large-scale regional features of the diurnal cycle of precipitation and overall agrees well with the reference for both diurnal and semidiurnal variations. The comparison results indicate that the IMERG precipitation estimates can be a reliable alternative to ground-based measurements even at the subdaily scale; however, region-specific data discrepancies are still observed. For instance, we reveal that IMERG substantially overestimates normalized amplitude of diurnal precipitation in the central US, while IMERG tends to underestimate diurnal variations over the mountain regions in the western and eastern US. In terms of phase, we find a significant difference in the timing of peak precipitation between convective and stratiform regions of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) over the Great Plains. This time shift is more apparent during the mature and dissipation stages of MCSs, which lead to relatively early peaks in the diurnal cycle of precipitation from IMERG. This phase bias implies a higher sensitivity of IMERG towards the convective regions of MCSs, supposedly because of the brightness temperature depression coming from ice particles aloft sampled by spaceborne passive microwave sensors. Such discrepancy between the actual and satellite-estimated precipitation timing can be challenging, e.g. when the satellite data are used to study subdaily precipitation processes or to validate numerical simulations. Consequently, our assessment of the IMERG performances highlights the need for improvements in the IMERG system.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Evaluation of diurnal variation of GPM IMERG‐derived summer precipitation over the contiguous US using MRMS data

Sungmin

Kirstetter

2018

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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“… Lin et al, 2011]; this, however, cannot explain the decline in sea breeze over other regions. In view of previous studies [e.g., Huang and Chan , ], it is known that the increase in thermal instability (i.e.,

- \frac{normald T}{normald z} > 0

; thermal trigger) can help induce upward motions and low‐level wind convergence. Because Taipei has warmed considerably more than other stations over the past five decades [ Shiu et al, ; Weng , ; Hsu et al, ; Lu et al, ], it is hypothesized that its related thermal instability change is different from other subregions', and such difference in thermal instability may help explain the observed regional difference in Figure c.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of atmospheric changes on the low‐frequency variations of convective afternoon rainfall activity over Taiwan

et al. 2015

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This study examines the characteristics of low-frequency variations (defined as decadal-scale changes) in summer (June-August) convective afternoon rainfall (CAR) activity over Taiwan during . Using 3-hourly rain gauge data, it was found that (1) the CAR frequency exhibits a secular trend and the 10-20 decadal oscillation, (2) the trend in CAR frequency is positive in northern Taiwan but negative in central and southern Taiwan, and (3) the CAR rate increased over most of the lower plains but decreased over the mountain range of Taiwan. Diagnoses using the Japanese ReAnalysis (JRA-55) data and surface observations indicate that the low-frequency variations in CAR frequency are closely associated with the variations in monsoon southwesterly winds over the South China Sea and island-wide sea breeze convergence. The regional low-level circulation changes are linked to sea surface temperature anomalies over the Niño-4 region and its 10-20 year (quasi-decadal) oscillation. Regarding the processes that change the CAR rate in the trending patterns, it was found that increases in the moisture flux convergence and the moist (conditional) instability over the lower plains together explain the stronger CAR events in the long run.

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“…The TRMM 3B42 data provides rain rate at the spatial resolution of 0.25° longitude × 0.25° latitude, comparable with the common meteorological station network spacing in the East Asian summer monsoon region (Zhou et al 2008). TRMM 3B42 data has recently been proven to be a good proxy for diurnal convection over the East Asian regions (Hong et al 2005;Huang and Chan 2011).…”

Section: Observational Datamentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Many studies examining the observational data have noted that the summer continental diurnal rainfall generally peaks in the late afternoon (Ramage 1952;Yin et al 2009;Huang et al 2010;Huang and Chan 2011), while the oceanic diurnal convection tends to reach its maximum in the early morning (Kraus 1963;Andersson 1970). It was suggested that such diurnal rainfall evolution over the continental regions cannot be simulated well by most of the global climate models (Dai 2006;Hara et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Summer Convective Afternoon Rainfall Simulation and Projection Using WRF Driven by Global Climate Model. Part II: Over South China and Luzon

Huang¹,

Chang

Hsu

et al. 2016

Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci.

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This study is the second of a two-part investigation into summer convective afternoon rainfall (CAR) simulation and projection over the East Asian continents. In Part I, we examined the CAR activity over Taiwan. In this study we focus on CAR activity over South China and Luzon using the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting Model) driven by HiRAM (High Resolution Atmospheric Model) (i.e., WRF-HiRAM). These examinations focus on two time-sliced simulations assuming the climate conditions at present (1979 -2003, historical run) and at the end of the 21 st century (2075 -2099, RCP 8.5 scenario). The results show that WRF-HiRAM is capable of simulating the spatial-temporal variation in CAR activity over South China and Luzon close to the recorded observations. In the future projections, WRF-HiRAM predicts that CAR events over most of South China and eastern Luzon will become fewer but stronger. Conversely, CAR events over western Luzon will become more frequent and stronger. Analyses also indicate that the projected change in CAR amount over most of South China (except for the coastal regions) and Luzon will be dominated by the change in CAR rate, not the change in CAR frequency. As for the cause of change in CAR rate, WRF-HiRAM projects that atmospheric humidity over South China and Luzon will increase significantly in the future. This will lead to an increase in local CAR rate. In contrast, the projected change in CAR frequency over South China and Luzon is suggested to be greatly modulated by the change in daytime surface wind convergence and thermal instability. Examinations were also performed to document the characteristics and causes of the projected change in CAR activity extracted from HiRAM.

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Maintenance mechanisms for the early‐morning maximum summer rainfall over southeast China

Cited by 33 publications

References 32 publications

Evaluation of diurnal variation of GPM IMERG‐derived summer precipitation over the contiguous US using MRMS data

Evaluation of diurnal variation of GPM IMERG‐derived summer precipitation over the contiguous US using MRMS data

Impact of atmospheric changes on the low‐frequency variations of convective afternoon rainfall activity over Taiwan

Summer Convective Afternoon Rainfall Simulation and Projection Using WRF Driven by Global Climate Model. Part II: Over South China and Luzon

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