Main Approaches to Enhance Radiosensitization in Cancer Cells by Nanoparticles: A Systematic Review

Abdollahi, Behnaz Babaye; Malekzadeh, Reza; Azar, Fatemeh Pournaghi; Salehnia, Fatemeh; Naseri, Ali; Ghorbani, Marjan; Hamishehkar, Hamed; Farajollahi, Alireza

doi:10.34172/apb.2021.025

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…The degree of damage induced by ROS can be determined based on the amount and type of ROS produced, and the exposure duration to ROS. 32 After the induction of the high amount of ROS, it can trigger the cell cycle redistribution and cellular apoptosis. The presence of radiosensitizers in the cancer cells could increase ROS generation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytotoxic and Radiosensitizing Effects of Folic Acid-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles and Doxorubicin on Colorectal Cancer Cells

et al. 2021

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Purpose: Radiotherapy is one of the most important therapeutic options used to treat cancers. Radiation effects can be improved using nanoparticles and chemotherapeutic drugs as radiosensitizing agents. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of folic acid-conjugated gold nanoparticles (GNP-F) in combination with doxorubicin (DOX) and x-Ray irradiation in colorectal cancer (CRC) cell line (HT-29). Methods: The cell viability assay (WST-1) was performed to study the cytotoxic effects of different concentrations of DOX and GNP-F after 24 and 48h treatments. Then, the effects of the GNP-F, X-Ray irradiation, and DOX drug in single and combined treatments were examined after 24 and 48 h treatment with effective doses. Likewise, the Caspase 3 gene expression ratio and the Caspase 3 activity were assessed after 48 h treatment. Moreover, the malondialdehyde (MDA) level was determined in treated and untreated cells. Results: When GNP-F (at a concentration of 70 μM) was combined with X-ray irradiation (2 Gy) or DOX drug, induced more cytotoxic effects compared to the control group. The results of cell viability assay showed that GNP-F+X-Ray in combination with a low concentration of DOX (0.25×IC50) enhanced the cytotoxic effects of cells compared to related single treatments. Caspase 3 gene expression ratio and Caspase 3 activity increased in double and triple combination treatments in comparison with the single groups. Moreover, the MDA level increased in triple combination compared to the single treatments. Conclusion: Our findings confirmed the potential anti-cancer effects of the GNP-F and DOX in combination with X-Ray irradiation in CRC cells.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytotoxic and Radiosensitizing Effects of Folic Acid-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles and Doxorubicin on Colorectal Cancer Cells

et al. 2021

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“…For UiO-type nMOFs, each SBU is surrounded by twelve SBUs. [55] The occupation ratio (R SBU ) can be described by Equation (5).…”

Section: Proposed Mechanism For the Radiosensitization Enhancement Of...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3] To increase the ratio of treatment responses to side effects, radiosensitizers have been explored for their ability to preferentially sensitize tumors to ionizing radiation. [4,5] In 1984, Matsudaira et al first demonstrated enhanced cytotoxic effects of radiation in the presence of iodine, [6] spurring intense interest in high-Z element-based radiosensitizers. As indicated by Equation (1), attenuation coefficient (µ) is positively correlated to atomic number (Z) and density (ρ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monte Carlo Simulations Reveal New Design Principles for Efficient Nanoradiosensitizers Based on Nanoscale Metal–Organic Frameworks

Mao

et al. 2021

Advanced Materials

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photon-matter interactions, the photoelectric process is more likely to occur on high-Z elements where photoelectrons are ejected following photon absorption. Auger electrons are further generated after the holes are filled by higher-orbital electrons. In addition, inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) usually possess higher densities compared to organic molecules, leading to further enhancement of energy deposition on a per unit space basis. As a result, various studies have explored the potential of high-Z element-based nanoradiosensitizers such as gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and hafnium oxide nanoparticles (HfO 2 NPs) to amplify the generation of photoelectrons and Auger electrons. Hainfeld et al. reported improved survival of EMT-6 mammary carcinoma-bearing mice by 1 year after treatment with Au NPs and X-rays. [32] Notably, NBTXR3, a 50 nm HfO 2 NP developed by Nanobiotix, received European market approval (CE Mark) as a medical device for the treatment of locally advanced soft tissue sarcoma in 2019. [33,34] The sizes of NPs can impact their radiosensitizing effects. [35] In the study of Au NPs with various sizes, Misawa et al. found that smaller Au NPs showed greater yields of ROS including hydroxyl radical and superoxide, [36] suggesting the positive effects of high surface areas on NP radiosensitization. However, the interplay between a nanoradiosensitizer and a biological system is much more complicated. First, NPs of sizes ranging from 10 to 200 nm can preferentially accumulate in tumor tissues via the enhanced permeability and retention effect. [37] NPs smaller than 10 nm can be easily cleared through renal filtration without significant accumulation in tumors. [38] Second, the sizes of NPs also affect their cellular uptake. [39] Chithrani et al. studied size-dependent Au NPs uptake in mammalian cells and found that 50 nm Au NPs showed higher cellular uptake when compared to 14 and 70 nm Au NPs. [40] Similarly, NBTXR3 was engineered with a size of 50 nm to enhance cancer cell uptake. [41] We recently reported the design of nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (nMOFs) comprising metal-oxo cluster secondary building units (SBUs) and organic bridging ligands and examined their potential use as a novel class of nanoradiosensitizers. [42][43][44][45] We hypothesized that highly porous nMOFs might afford unprecedentedly high radiosensitization with an Nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (nMOFs) have recently been shown to provide better radiosensitization than solid nanoparticles (NPs) when excited with X-rays. Here, a Monte Carlo simulation of different radiosensitization effects by NPs and nMOFs using a lattice model consisting of 3D arrays of nanoscale secondary building units (SBUs) is reported. The simulation results reveal that lattices outperform solid NPs regardless of radiation sources or particle sizes via enhanced scatterings of photons and electrons within the lattices. Optimum dose enhancement can be achieved by tuning SBU size and inter-SBU distance.

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“…In Auger electron therapy, nanoparticles are primarily used as sensitizers for external beam radiation (the interaction of photons with high-Z nanoparticles, resulting in the emission of low-energy and short-range conversion and Auger electrons, which in turn increase the dose deposited in tissues) or as carriers for the delivery of Auger radiation emitters. Since the use of high-Z element nanostructures as sensitizers has been described in many review articles [27][28][29][30][31], we have limited our review only to radiobioconjugates where nanostructures are used as carriers for Auger electron emitters or as radionuclide carriers that induce the emission of photoelectrons from the nanoparticle surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanostructures as Radionuclide Carriers in Auger Electron Therapy

et al. 2022

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The concept of nanoparticle-mediated radionuclide delivery in the cancer treatment has been widely discussed in the past decade. In particular, the use of inorganic and organic nanostructures in the development of radiopharmaceuticals enables the delivery of medically important radioisotopes for radionuclide therapy. In this review, we present the development of nanostructures for cancer therapy with Auger electron radionuclides. Following that, different types of nanoconstructs that can be used as carriers for Auger electron emitters, design principles, nanoparticle materials, and target vectors that overcame the main difficulties are described. In addition, systems in which high-Z element nanoparticles are used as radionuclide carriers, causing the emission of photoelectrons from the nanoparticle surface, are presented. Finally, future research opportunities in the field are discussed as well as issues that must be addressed before nanoparticle-based Auger electron radionuclide therapy can be transferred to clinical use.

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Main Approaches to Enhance Radiosensitization in Cancer Cells by Nanoparticles: A Systematic Review

Cited by 12 publications

References 135 publications

Cytotoxic and Radiosensitizing Effects of Folic Acid-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles and Doxorubicin on Colorectal Cancer Cells

Cytotoxic and Radiosensitizing Effects of Folic Acid-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles and Doxorubicin on Colorectal Cancer Cells

Monte Carlo Simulations Reveal New Design Principles for Efficient Nanoradiosensitizers Based on Nanoscale Metal–Organic Frameworks

Nanostructures as Radionuclide Carriers in Auger Electron Therapy

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