Magnesium supplementation ameliorates toxic effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in rat model

Abstract

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is an extensively used herbicide in the field of agriculture, its ever-escalating use induces toxicity, health effects, and environmental impact. Oxidative stress plays a key role in pathogenesis of 2,4-D-induced liver and kidney damage. Magnesium (Mg) is a highly effective antioxidant agent in restoring oxidative damage by directly influencing the metabolic and physiological processes. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate Mg role in ameliorating the oxidative damages provoked by 2,4-D in rat model. Male Wistar rats (180–220 g) were distributed into four groups and treated intragastrically for 4 weeks. Group 1: control, group 2: 2,4-D (150 mg/kg body weight/day), group 3: simultaneously treated with 2,4-D (150 mg/kg body weight/day) and Mg supplement (50 mg/kg body weight/day), and group 4: Mg supplement (50 mg/kg body weight/day). Under experimental conditions, plasma hepatic and renal biomarkers, tissue oxidative status, and antioxidant enzymes activities were investigated. Results demonstrated that 2,4-D intoxication caused hepatic and renal impairments as indicated by the significantly increased ( p < 0.001) alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels. In addition, 2,4-D caused a significant enhancement ( p < 0.001) in the level of malondialdehyde as well as reduction ( p < 0.001) of the superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase activities in both hepatic and renal tissues. Mg treatment prevented and reversed the toxic variations induced by 2,4-D. In general, these outcomes suggest that Mg may have antioxidant potential and ameliorative effects against 2,4-D provoking hepatic and renal toxicity in rat model.

Influence of Demographic and Lifestyle Variables on Plasma Magnesium Concentrations and Their Associations with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Mediterranean Population

“…It has been estimated that it is the fourth most abundant cation in the whole body and the second at the intracellular level [3,4]. Magnesium is an essential co-factor in the enzymatic pathways involved with energy, protein and lipid metabolism and the modulation of glucose transport through the cellular membrane [5][6][7][8]. Thus, magnesium serves as an important link between transport systems and metabolism, and its concentration in the cytoplasm is regulated in a highly precise manner [9][10][11].…”

2,4-D Herbicide-Induced Hepatotoxicity: Unveiling Disrupted Liver Functions and Associated Biomarkers

“…This effect was observed in rats receiving doses of 5 mg/kg of Désormone Lourd (600 g/L 2,4-D) for 4 weeks, resulting in a decrease in hepatic GSH levels and the activity of SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST [ 33 ]. Toxicity studies conducted with the active ingredient in rats identified similar results, further supporting that this effect is attributed to the active ingredient [ 71 , 74 ].…”

“…Exposure to 2,4-D also leads to the depletion of GSH levels in the liver, contributing to a decrease in antioxidant capacity [ 71 , 119 ]. This effect was observed in rats receiving doses of 5 mg/kg of Désormone Lourd (600 g/L 2,4-D) for 4 weeks, resulting in a decrease in hepatic GSH levels and the activity of SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST [ 33 ].…”

Dietary Magnesium Intake Ameliorates the Association Between Household Pesticide Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes: Data From NHANES, 2007–2018

“…Various experimental evidence explains magnesium's antioxidant and defensive role against some toxic substances ( 34 , 35 ), which may imply the importance of magnesium in restoring oxidative damage provoked by pesticides. Furthermore, Shafeeq and Mahboob's study in a rat model found that magnesium supplementation ameliorated the toxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ( 36 ). As is known, magnesium sulfate is used to reverse pesticide poisoning.…”