Macronutrient intake and type 2 diabetes risk in middle-aged Australian women. Results from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the association between macronutrient intake and type 2 diabetes risk in middle-aged Australian women. Design: A prospective cohort study, with 6 years (2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007) of follow up. Dietary intake was assessed with a validated FFQ. Relative risks with 95 % confidence intervals were used to examine risk associations. Setting: Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, Australia. Subjects: Australian women (n 8370) from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health aged 45-50 years and free of type 2 diabetes at baseline. Results: After 6 years of follow-up, 311 women developed type 2 diabetes. After adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle and other dietary risk factors, MUFA, total n-3 PUFA, a-linolenic acid and total n-6 PUFA intakes were positively associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes. The relative risks for type 2 diabetes for the highest compared with the lowest quintiles were 1?64 (95 % CI 1?06, 2?54), P 5 0?04 for MUFA; 1?55 (95 % CI 1?03, 2?32), P 5 0?01 for n-3 PUFA; 1?84 (95 % CI 1?25, 2?71), P , 0?01 for a-linolenic acid; and 1?60 (95 % CI 1?03, 2?48), P 5 0?04 for n-6 PUFA. Other dietary macronutrients were not significantly associated with diabetes risk. Conclusions:The data indicate that consumption of MUFA, n-3 PUFA and n-6 PUFA may influence the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in women.

Dietary protein intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study and a meta-analysis of prospective studies

“…The positive associations of total and animal protein intakes with incident T2D in the MCCS were consistent with the results of some previous studies (5,6,9,32) but not of other studies (7,8,11). In the Dutch EPIC cohort of 38,094 participants with 918 new T2D cases (7), total and animal protein intakes were positively associated with incident T2D but not independent of BMI.…”

“…Similarly, inconsistent findings regarding the association between protein intake and incident T2D have been reported in observational studies with long follow-up periods (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). Some studies have revealed that higher total protein intake was associated with higher risk of incident T2D (5,6,9), whereas other studies observed no associations (7,8,11). Both the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study and EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) study observed that animal protein intake was positively associated with diabetes, but no association was shown for plant protein (5,12).…”

Long‐term Low‐carbohydrate Diets and Type 2 Diabetes Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis of Observational Studies

“…Nine articles [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] were excluded from the systematic review because of overlapping populations. Out of these 22 articles, a total of 13 cohort studies [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] were appraised in the systematic review and metaanalysis. The 13 selected articles included in the systematic review were moderately heterogeneous in terms of population demographics, carbohydrate intake parameters, and the assessment of confounding factors.…”

“…The form of fat might also have affected the risk of diabetes. 35 Little is known about the consequences of lowcarbohydrate diets with respect to other chronic health problems, such as cancer, kidney disease, osteoporosis, and mental conditions. The biology that underlies the positive correlation between low-carbohydrate diets and all-cause death 8 has not yet been fully explained.…”

“…The follow-up rate was more than 90% in most of the studies. Carbohydrate intake was assessed using the residual method in 5 studies 30,34,35,37,38 and by the density method in 3 studies. [31][32][33] The method was not specified in the remaining reports.…”