Macro and Trace Elements in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivated in Greece: Risk Assessment of Toxic Elements

Zafeiraki, Effrosyni; Kasiotis, Konstantinos M.; Nisianakis, Paul; Machera, Kyriaki

doi:10.3389/fchem.2021.654308

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…All the samples were analysed using an ICP-MS (Thermo iCAP-RQ, Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA), equipped with an ASX-280 autosampler, as described in detail in previous publications of our analytical group [ 47 ]. Briefly, for the quantification of the 27 macro and trace elements, Ni sample and skimmer cones, a Quartz cyclonic spray chamber and a MicroMist U-Series Nebulizer (0.4 mL/min with PEEK connector) were used.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adult Honeybees and Beeswax as Indicators of Trace Elements Pollution in a Vulnerable Environment: Distribution among Different Apicultural Compartments

et al. 2022

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Bees in search of diet sources intensively fly within a radius of up to 3 km, encountering nectar, pollen, and water sources which are potentially contaminated. Consequently, their products can provide valuable information about potential pollution. In the current study, 27 macro and trace elements, including the most hazardous ones, were measured in bees, honey, wax, pollen, and larvae, obtained from seven explicitly industrial areas in eastern regions of Slovakia, using a validated ICP-MS method. All the analysed elements were detected at least in one matrix. The detected concentrations of toxic elements, such as Hg, Pb, and Cd were in some cases higher in wax and bee samples, compared with honey, larvae, and pollen. In particular, Pb and Hg maximum concentrations were detected in the wax samples from Poša (3193 µg/kg) and Strážske_A (90 μg/kg). In addition, adult bees accumulated more elements than larvae, while wax and adult bees seemed more suitable for monitoring macro and trace elements in the surrounding environment. Statistical analysis emphasizing bees and wax correlated Cd with the Strážske area, possibly attributed to the intensified industrial activity in this region.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adult Honeybees and Beeswax as Indicators of Trace Elements Pollution in a Vulnerable Environment: Distribution among Different Apicultural Compartments

et al. 2022

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“…The EDI of the metal element was calculated according to the method of the US Environmental Protection Agency ( USEPA, 1989 ). The HQ and CHQ of the metal elements were calculated according to the methods of Zafeiraki et al (2021) and Shen et al (2022) . …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles on the growth, nutrient absorption, and potential health risk of the seasonal vegetable Medicago polymorpha L.

Guo

Wang

et al. 2022

PeerJ

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Background Medicago polymorpha L., a seasonal vegetable, is commonly grown in China. The increasing use of nanoparticles (NPs) such as ZnO and CuO NPs in agriculture has raised concerns about their potential risks for plant growth and for human consumption. There is a lack of research on the effects of ZnO and CuO NPs on agronomic performance of Medicago polymorpha L. and their potential risks for human health. Methods In this study, different treatment concentrations of ZnO NPs (25, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg−1) and CuO NPs (10, 25, 50, and 100 mg kg−1) were used to determine their effects on the growth and nutrient absorption of Medicago polymorpha L., as well as their potential risk for human health. Results The results showed that ZnO and CuO NPs increased the fresh weight of Medicago polymorpha L. by 5.8–11.8 and 3.7–8.1%, respectively. The best performance for ZnO NPs occurred between 25–50 mg kg−1 and the best performance for CuO NPs occurred between 10–25 mg kg−1. Compared with the control, ZnO and CuO NPs improved the macronutrients phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca). The following micronutrients were also improved: iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn), with the exception of nitrogen (N) accumulation. Low treatment concentrations exhibited more efficient nutrient uptake than high treatment concentrations. A comprehensive analysis showed that the optimum concentrations were 25 mg kg−1 for ZnO NPs and 10 mg kg−1 for CuO NPs. The potential non-carcinogenic health risk of Medicago polymorpha L. treated with ZnO and CuO NPs was analyzed according to the estimated daily intake (EDI), the hazard quotient (HQ), and the cumulative hazard quotient (CHQ). Compared with the oral reference dose, the EDI under different ZnO and CuO NPs treatments was lower. The HQ and CHQ under different ZnO and CuO NPs treatments were far below 1. This indicated that Medicago polymorpha L. treated with ZnO and CuO NPs did not pose any non-carcinogenic health risk to the human body. Therefore, ZnO and CuO NPs were considered as a safe nano fertilizer for Medicago polymorpha L. production according to growth analysis and a human health risk assessment.

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“…These values are comparable to values for cannabis leaves published in other studies. For example, a study by Zafeiraki et al reported Cannabis samples from various regions in Greece with analogous concentrations: 7.1 to 19.8 thousand ppm for Mg, 24.0 to 123.2 thousand ppm for Ca, 76.8 to 518 ppm for Mn, 135 to 1338 ppm for Fe, 8.2 to 64.2 ppm for Cu and 23 to 157 ppm for Zn [ 23 ]. As in the study of Greece, the predominant elements from those analyzed in Ghana cannabis samples was Ca and K, followed by Mg, Mn and Fe.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace Metals in Cannabis Seized by Law Enforcement in Ghana and Multivariate Analysis to Distinguish among Different Cannabis Farms

Douvris

Bentil

Ayensu

et al. 2022

Toxics

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For hundreds of years, cannabis has been one of the most known cultivated plants due to its variety of uses, which include as a psychoactive drug, as well as for medicinal activity. Although prohibiting cannabis products, the countries of the African continent are the largest producers of cannabis in the world; a fact that makes the trafficking of cannabis-based illicit drugs a high priority for local law enforcement authorities. The latter are exceedingly interested in the use of chemical analyses for facilitating quantification, identification, and tracing of the origin of seized cannabis samples. Targeting these goals, and focusing on the country of Ghana, the present study used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the determination of 12 elements (Pb, Cu, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cd, As, Hg, Fe, Na, and K) in cannabis seized by Ghana’s law enforcement authorities and soils of cannabis farms. Furthermore, multivariate analysis was applied to distinguish among different cannabis farms and match them with the samples. As a result, 22 seized cannabis samples and 12 other cannabis samples with their respective soils were analyzed to reveal considerable As and Pb concentrations. As and Pb levels in cannabis were found up to 242 ppb for As and 854 ppb for Pb. Multivariate analysis was applied for separating different cannabis farms and seized samples based on elemental analysis, evidently linking the seized samples with two Ghana regions.

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Macro and Trace Elements in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivated in Greece: Risk Assessment of Toxic Elements

Cited by 12 publications

References 35 publications

Adult Honeybees and Beeswax as Indicators of Trace Elements Pollution in a Vulnerable Environment: Distribution among Different Apicultural Compartments

Adult Honeybees and Beeswax as Indicators of Trace Elements Pollution in a Vulnerable Environment: Distribution among Different Apicultural Compartments

Effect of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles on the growth, nutrient absorption, and potential health risk of the seasonal vegetable Medicago polymorpha L.

Trace Metals in Cannabis Seized by Law Enforcement in Ghana and Multivariate Analysis to Distinguish among Different Cannabis Farms

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