Machine Tongues XVI: Genetic Algorithms and Their Application to FM Matching Synthesis

Evolutionary Sound Matching: A Test Methodology and Comparative Study

“…π π 2 sin 2 sin (1) in which e is the modulated carrier output, A is the peak amplitude of the carrier, f c and f m are the carrier and modulator frequencies respectively, and I is the modulation index.…”

“…The most notable and advanced methods have employed the optimisation algorithms of evolutionary computation. The earliest evolutionary sound matching systems were presented by Horner [1], [2] for reproducing sounds produced by real acoustic instruments with Frequency Modulation (FM) and wavetable synthesis. More recent studies have extended this application to physical modelling synthesis [3], and additive and granular synthesis [4].…”

The Generation of Natural-Synthetic Spectra by Means of Adaptive Frequency Modulation

“…Standard multiplecarrier FM is defi ned by a single modulator being used to vary the frequency of several sinusoidal carriers. It has proved useful in a variety of applications, including vocal synthesis (Chowning 1989) and instrumental emulation via spectral matching (Horner, Beauchamp, and Hakken 1993). By applying the technique to real-world signals, it is possible to generate transitions between natural-sounding and synthesizer-like sounds.…”

At the Crossroads of Evolutionary Computation and Music: Self-Programming Synthesizers, Swarm Orchestras and the Origins of Melody

“…GA can be used effectively in two kinds of synthesis tasks: a) to find optimal synthesis parameters to reproduce a given sound (Horner et al, 1993) and b) to aid the user to explore the space of synthesis possibilities (Johnson, 1999;Mandelis, 2001). In both cases, the algorithm manipulates the synthesis parameters for a specific synthesizer; that is, the genotypes correspond to synthesis parameter values.…”