Machine Learning and Application in Terahertz Technology: A Review on Achievements and Future Challenges

Jiang, Yuying; Li, Guangming; Ge, Hongyi; Wang, Faye; Li, Li; Chen, Xinyu; Lv, Ming; Zhang, Yuan

doi:10.1109/access.2022.3174595

Cited by 38 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 121 publications

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“…The application of machine learning techniques in THz imaging and sensing have been extensively reviewed in [181], [182], [183], [184], [185], [186], [187] and [188]. However, most of the machine learning models that have been explored in THz imaging and sensing for biomedical applications are based on shallow networks due to the unavailability of sufficient training datasets.…”

Section: B Artificial Intelligence and Robotics In Thz Healthcarementioning

confidence: 99%

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Terahertz Imaging and Sensing for Healthcare: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Gezimati

Singh

2023

IEEE Access

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There is a keen interest in the exploration of new generation emitters and detectors due to advancements in innovation of new materials and device processing technologies which have opened up new frontiers in the Terahertz (THz) spectrum. Therefore, it is necessary to review the developments in THz technology for healthcare applications, their impact, implications and prospects for ongoing research and development. This paper provides a broad overview of the current status and prospects of application of THz imaging and sensing for the healthcare domain. We present current knowledge, identify existing challenges for wide scale clinical adoption of THz systems and prospective opinions to facilitate research and development towards optimized and miniaturized THz systems and biosensors that provide real operational convenience through emerging trends. Firstly, we provide an overview of the THz imaging and sensing techniques that exploit properties of THz generation and detection with emphasis on terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) and THz Metamaterials. The mechanisms of tissue image contrast and the application of THz imaging and sensing for biomedical applications in particular, the cancer detection application is reported. Secondly, an outlook toward the advancements in THz technology in the interface of healthcare 4.0 and its enabling technologies is explored for next generation smart and connected healthcare systems. Third, we identify the merits and existing challenges in THz cancer imaging and sensing and suggest prospective opinions to pave way to ongoing and future research. Further, we discuss the recent advances in THz imaging development and the contribution of near-field techniques based on plasmonic, and resonance based metasurfaces, waveguides etc. for breaking the diffraction limit towards development of THz systems that are convenient for point of care. We bring researchers a roadmap for future research scope.

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Section: B Artificial Intelligence and Robotics In Thz Healthcarementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Machine learning techniques in THz imaging and spectroscopy are useful for data pre-processing, qualitative and quantitative multivariate data analysis and other tasks like compressive sensing, image super resolution and image reconstruction etc. [181].…”

Section: ) Challenges In Data Driven Thz Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terahertz Imaging and Sensing for Healthcare: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Gezimati

Singh

2023

IEEE Access

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“…Both the high information content and high noise levels of tradiutional THz spectra logically naturally lead to the application of machine learning (ML) for their analysis. The recent advances in this area showed that THz spectra can be accurately and automatically decoded with highly trained ML algorithms even when peaks are broad and often indistinct. − These capabilities become particularly important in biomedical fields, where chemometric ML models in data preprocessing, feature selection, and multivariate analysis improve the accuracy of disease diagnosis. − …”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terahertz Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy of Molecular Assemblies and Nanostructures

et al. 2022

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Chemical, physical, biological and materials engineering disciplines use a variety of chiroptical spectroscopies to probe geometrical and optical asymmetry in molecules and particles. Electronic (ECD) and vibrational (VCD) circular dichroism are the most common of these techniques and collectively enable the studies of electronic and vibronic transitions with energies between 0.1 and 5.0 eV. The vibrational states with characteristic energies in the range of 0.001−0.01 eV carry valuable information about concerted intermolecular motions in molecules and crystals involving multiple atoms. These vibronic transitions located in the terahertz (THz) part of the spectrum become increasingly more important for the chemistry, physics, and biology of complex molecules and materials However, the methodology and hardware of THz circular dichroism (TCD) are much less developed than the chiroptical spectroscopies for ultraviolet, visible, near-and mid infrared photons. Here we provide theoretical foundations, practical implementations, comparative assessments, and exemplary applications of TCD spectroscopy. We show that the sign, intensity, and position of TCD peaks are highly sensitive to the three-dimensional structure and long-range organization of molecular crystals, which offer unique capabilities to study (bio) molecules, their crystals, and nanoscale assemblies and apply the novel data processing methodologies. TCD also offers a convenient toolbox to identify new physical phenomena, such as chiral phonons and their propagation in nanostructured matter. We also discuss the major challenges, emerging opportunities and promising research directions, including broad investigation of chiral phonons observed in chiral (nano) crystals and emerging machine learning methodologies for TCD in biological and nanoscale structures. Ubiquity of low-frequency vibrations with rotational components in biomolecular structures, combined with sharpness of peaks in TCD spectra, enables a variety of technological translations.

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“…Terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) has become a unique technique in the fields of material characterization [1][2][3], biomedicine [4,5], and information technology [6]. Therefore, the development of THz technology directly affects the applications of advanced science.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coherent detection of broadband terahertz pulses using ethanol-water mixtures

Xiao¹,

Zhang²,

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Infrared, Millimeter-Wave, and Terahertz Technologies IX

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We demonstrate terahertz (THz) coherent detection using ethanol and ethanol-water mixtures. Combined with the THzinduced second harmonic (TISH) radiated from the liquid plasma and the control second harmonic (CSH) generated by BBO crystal, when the polarization directions of the CSH and TISH beams are parallel, a measured time-resolved waveform of the THz field is obtained due to the four-wave mixing mechanism. Since the third-order nonlinear coefficient of ethanol is larger than that of pure water, our scheme further enhances the sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio of coherent detection. Meanwhile, the amplitude of THz wave detected by ethanol-water mixtures were increased with the increase of the ethanol concentration. This work provides a new perspective for exploring the solute-solvent molecular interaction and lays an experimental foundation for the theoretical analysis of THz wave coherent detection of classical liquid containing hydrogen bonds.

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Machine Learning and Application in Terahertz Technology: A Review on Achievements and Future Challenges

Cited by 38 publications

References 121 publications

Terahertz Imaging and Sensing for Healthcare: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Terahertz Imaging and Sensing for Healthcare: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Terahertz Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy of Molecular Assemblies and Nanostructures

Coherent detection of broadband terahertz pulses using ethanol-water mixtures

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