Lymphocyte subsets in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected and uninfected children in Nairobi

Embreé, Joanne; Bwayo, Job; Nagelkerke, Nico; Njenga, Simon; Nyange, Patrick M.; Ndinya‐Achola, Jeckoniah; Pamba, H.O.; Plummer, Francis A.

doi:10.1097/00006454-200104000-00006

Cited by 48 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…As variously reported for healthy Ugandan, 16 Tanzanian, 17 Kenyan, 18 and Gambian 19 children, we also found that RBC indices (RBC count, Hb, and Ht) increased and WBC count decreased with age in healthy Malian children. Children in all three age groups (3-5, 6-8, and 9-12 years) also showed increased RBC indices and decreased WBC counts as they aged through a single 7-month transmission season, irrespective of whether they experienced one or more episodes of malaria or carried malaria-protective RBC polymorphisms.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Hematological Indices in Malian Children Change Significantly During a Malaria Season and with Increasing Age: Implications for Malaria Epidemiological Studies

Diakité

Miura

Diouf

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Standard hematological indices are commonly used in malaria epidemiological studies to measure anemia prevalence and calculate blood parasite densities. In Africa, few studies have investigated how these indices change during a malaria transmission season and with increasing age. To address these knowledge gaps, we collected blood from 169 healthy Malian children aged 3-12 years before (May 2010) and after (January 2011) a transmission season. Red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) level, hematocrit (Ht), white blood cell (WBC) count, and WBC subsets were measured in paired blood samples, and the data were stratified by month (May, January) and age group (3-5, 6-8, and 9-12 years). From May to January, RBC count (4.53-4.70 + 10 6 /μL; P < 0.0001), Hb level (11.5-11.9 g/dL; P < 0.0001), and Ht (37.1-39.2%; P < 0.0001) increased, and WBC count (6.46-5.96 + 10 3 /μL; P ¼ 0.0006) decreased. From May to January, the prevalence of WBC subsets also changed: 35-43% neutrophils, 6.5-7.6% monocytes, and 53-45% lymphocytes (P < 0.001). These seasonal changes were not associated with the number of malaria episodes experienced in the interim or the presence of RBC polymorphisms. In May, Hb (11.2, 11.4, and 11.8 g/dL; P ¼ 0.0013) and Ht (36.5%, 36.7%, and 38.1%; P ¼ 0.0154) increased and WBC count (8.04, 6.43, and 5.76 + 10 3 /μL; P < 0.0001) decreased with age group; similar differences were observed in January. These data suggest that season-and age-based reference values for hematological indices are needed to better estimate anemia prevalence and parasite density in malaria epidemiological studies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Hematological Indices in Malian Children Change Significantly During a Malaria Season and with Increasing Age: Implications for Malaria Epidemiological Studies

Diakité

Miura

Diouf

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…HIV-1 sequence diversity was assessed by examining the predominant proviral DNA sequence in two wellcharacterized HIV-infected cohorts, composed of female commercial sex workers (13,14) and women seeking antenatal care (5,12), located in Nairobi, Kenya. A total of 240 HIV-positive women were randomly selected based on sample availability for inclusion in this study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A total of 215 HIV-positive women enrolled in a welldescribed cohort of commercial sex workers with high exposure to HIV in the Pumwani area of Nairobi, Kenya, were randomly selected based on sample availability (13,14). An additional 25 HIV-positive women from a perinatal transmission cohort of similar socioeconomic status and ethnicity but with low exposure to HIV were similarly selected (5,12). All women are believed to be infected with HIV by heterosexual contact, and all were antiretroviral naive at the time of the study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Proviral Hypermutation Correlates with CD4 Count in HIV-Infected Women from Kenya

Land

Ball

Luo

et al. 2008

J Virol

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APOBEC3G is an important innate immune molecule that causes human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) hypermutation, which can result in detrimental viral genome mutations. The Vif protein of wild-type HIV-1 counteracts APOBEC3G activity by targeting it for degradation and inhibiting its incorporation into viral particles. Additional APOBEC cytidine deaminases have been identified, such as APOBEC3F, which has a similar mode of action but different sequence specificity. A relationship between APOBEC3F/G and HIV disease progression has been proposed. During HIV-1 sequence analysis of the vpu/env region of 240 HIVinfected subjects from Nairobi, Kenya, 13 drastically hypermutated proviral sequences were identified. Sequences derived from plasma virus, however, lacked hypermutation, as did proviral vif. When correlates of disease progression were examined, subjects with hypermutated provirus were found to have significantly higher CD4 counts than the other subjects. Furthermore, hypermutation as estimated by elevated adenine content positively correlated with CD4 count for all 240 study subjects. The sequence context of the observed hypermutation was statistically associated with APOBEC3F/G activity. In contrast to previous studies, this study demonstrates that higher CD4 counts correlate with increased hypermutation in the absence of obvious mutations in the APOBEC inhibiting Vif protein. This strongly suggests that host factors, such as APOBEC3F/G, are playing a protective role in these patients, modulating viral hypermutation and host disease progression. These findings support the potential of targeting APOBEC3F/G for therapeutic purposes.

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“…These data closely agree with information from outside experts and with published data on the subject. 16,25,26,28 Benefits to high-risk children According to data from South Africa, HIV-related mortality among HIVexposed infants peaks at 2 to 3 months postpartum. 29 By training health-care staff to apply the modified clinical criteria and rapid HIV antibody test, more children at high risk of dying can be identified and treated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This translates into a specificity of 99% for CD4 count in our model. 25,26 The 1% of HIV uninfected infants whose CD4 count is below WHO thresholds …”

Section: Sensitivity and Specificity Of Cd4 Cell Countmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presumptive diagnosis of severe HIV infection to determine the need for antiretroviral therapy in children less than 18 months of age

Grundmann

Iliff

Stringer

et al. 2011

Bull. World Health Organ.

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Lymphocyte subsets in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected and uninfected children in Nairobi

Cited by 48 publications

References 20 publications

Hematological Indices in Malian Children Change Significantly During a Malaria Season and with Increasing Age: Implications for Malaria Epidemiological Studies

Hematological Indices in Malian Children Change Significantly During a Malaria Season and with Increasing Age: Implications for Malaria Epidemiological Studies

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Proviral Hypermutation Correlates with CD4 Count in HIV-Infected Women from Kenya

Presumptive diagnosis of severe HIV infection to determine the need for antiretroviral therapy in children less than 18 months of age

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