Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) and urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil

Rangel, Elizabeth Ferreira; Vilela, Maurício Luiz

doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2008001200025

Cited by 106 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Lu. longipalpis has been reported to adapt easily to the anthropic environment and has been shown to be important for VL epidemiology (Rangel & Vilela 2008). Higher numbers of Lu.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmania infection in humans, dogs and sandflies in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in Maranhão, Brazil

Felipe

Aquino

Kuppinger

et al. 2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is considered an important neglected disease that affects many countries of the world (Desjeux 2004). On the American continent, VL is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania chagasi, which is transmitted to humans and other vertebrate hosts (e.g., dogs) through the bite of a female sandfly. Lutzomyia longipalpis is considered to be the main vector for VL in Brazil (Lainson & Rangel 2005).A high proportion of L. chagasi infected persons do not present any clinical symptoms of disease, even after a long incubation period (asymptomatic form) (Evans et al. 1992, Romero et al. 2009). Cohort studies in Brazil have described detection of asymptomatic seroconvertors with a sensitive and specific enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test using crude antigens from promastigotes (Badaró et al. 1986a, c) Malnutrition is considered one of the most important factors associated with the development of clinical symptoms of leishmaniasis (Alvar et al. 2006). The high frequency of Leishmania infection found in human beings, dogs and Lu. longipalpis in previous studies in the municipality of Raposa, state of Maranhão (MA), Brazil, may also be associated with poverty (Caldas et al. 2001(Caldas et al. , 2002.Notably, the current knowledge on the epidemiology of VL is mainly based on studies examining the prevalence of Leishmania infections only among humans. There are few studies that simultaneously examine L. chagasi infection across several known hosts and carriers. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the asymptomatic L. chagasi infection rates in human beings, dogs and the vector Lu. longipalpis in the VL endemic area of Raposa. PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study was performed from August 2006-July 2008 in Vila Maresia, Vila Marisol and Vila Pantoja; all three neighbourhoods are located in the municipality of Raposa situated in the northern coastal region of MA, approximately 28 km from the state capital, São Luis (Figure).In this study, the inclusion criteria for human subjects were the following: living in an endemic area for more than six months, no signs and symptoms of VL (fever for more than 2 weeks, hepatosplenomegaly, weight loss or mucocutaneous pallor) and no previous history of VL. As exclusion criteria, we considered a history of treatment for VL (including treatment failures and relapses), individuals with known immunodeficiency or currently using immunosuppressants and comorbidities (evidence of other conditions leading to splenomegaly, such as schistosomiasis and malaria).In a preliminary census survey, we found 1,417 inhabitants, 986 (70%) of whom participated in the study. This 30% loss was mainly due to internal and external migrations, as well as refusal to participate in the study. Overall, 986 (69.6%) out of 1,417 inhabitants that lived more than six months in the area and did not exhibit clinical VL symptoms participated in the study. From these, 857 individuals (86.9%) were from Vila Maresia, 77 individuals (7.7%) were from Vila Marisol and 52...

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“…Lu. longipalpis has been reported to adapt easily to the anthropic environment and has been shown to be important for VL epidemiology (Rangel & Vilela 2008). Higher numbers of Lu.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmania infection in humans, dogs and sandflies in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in Maranhão, Brazil

Felipe

Aquino

Kuppinger

et al. 2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…The high prevalence of VL in children 5 years of age and younger can be associated with several socio-economic factors: domestic and peridomestic animal breeding, health status with an emphasis on immune maturity and malnutrition studies, and children's habits that provide greater exposure to vectors 5,9,10 . Visceral leishmaniasis occurs as much in urban zones as in rural areas.…”

Section: Ethical Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Araguaína, the disease is scattered throughout the urban area with higher prevalence in the periphery and districts with a higher population density. The disorganized growth of the city, the increasing population density in the districts, and socioeconomic challenges such as the disorganization of the urban space, the emergence of irregular settlements and squatter areas, and the lack of basic infrastructure all may have infl uenced the appearance of the disease in Araguaína as a result of favorable conditions for the maintenance of the VL transmission cycle because the vectors are adapted to these conditions [9][10][11] . Such favorable conditions for the disease elevated Araguaína to the position of becoming a high-transmission area when compared with several other regions of Brazil 7,12,13 .…”

Section: Ethical Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological and environmental aspects of visceral leishmaniasis in children under 15 years of age between 2007 and 2012 in the City of Araguaína, State of Tocantins, Brazil

Oliveira

Batista

Pelúzio

et al. 2014

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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“…Disordered urban land occupation associated with migration, unplanned urban settlements, and precarious sanitation lead to substandard living conditions and environmental destruction, fostering the conditions for sand fly reproduction 7,8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatores ambientais associados à ocorrência de leishmaniose visceral canina em uma área de recente introdução da doença no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

et al. 2018

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Resumo: Foi avaliada a associação entre características ambientais obtidas por sensoriamento remoto e a prevalência da leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) no bairro do Jacaré, área de recente introdução da doença, no Município de Niterói, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo seccional para avaliação da prevalência de LVC, definida por meio da positividade no teste imunocromatográfico rápido em dupla plataforma (dual path platform - DPP), confirmada com o ensaio imunoenzimático (EIE). Foram incluídos 97 cães com prevalência de LVC de 21,6%. Houve maior frequência de LVC em cães com a convivência com outro cão, gambá, mico e ouriço-terrestre, assim como com a história de remoção de outros cães com LVC do domicílio. Na análise multivariada, ajustada por sexo e idade do cão, cães residentes em áreas com maior cobertura de vegetação esparsa apresentaram prevalência da infecção por Leishmania infantum cinco vezes maior do que aqueles que residiam em áreas menos vegetadas (OR = 5,72; IC95%: 1,47-22,20). Por outro lado, áreas mais urbanizadas caracterizadas como comerciais ou residenciais carentes, identificadas pelo sensoriamento remoto como aquelas com alta densidade de estruturas cinza, estiveram associadas à menor ocorrência da LVC (OR = 0,09; IC95%: 0,01-0,92). A maior prevalência de infecção em cães convivendo com outros animais silvestres e em áreas com maior cobertura vegetal, associada com menor prevalência em áreas urbanizadas, indica um padrão rural de transmissão da LVC nessa área.

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Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) and urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil

Abstract: Abstract

Cited by 106 publications

References 13 publications

Leishmania infection in humans, dogs and sandflies in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in Maranhão, Brazil

Leishmania infection in humans, dogs and sandflies in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in Maranhão, Brazil

Epidemiological and environmental aspects of visceral leishmaniasis in children under 15 years of age between 2007 and 2012 in the City of Araguaína, State of Tocantins, Brazil

Fatores ambientais associados à ocorrência de leishmaniose visceral canina em uma área de recente introdução da doença no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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