Iron
is an essential mineral that serves as a prosthetic group
for a variety of proteins involved in vital cellular processes. The
iron economy within humans is highly conserved in that there is no
proper iron excretion pathway. Therefore, iron homeostasis is highly
evolved to coordinate iron acquisition, storage, transport, and recycling
efficiently. A disturbance in this state can result in excess iron
burden in which an ensuing iron-mediated generation of reactive oxygen
species imparts widespread oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and
DNA. On the contrary, problems in iron deficiency either due to genetic
or nutritional causes can lead to a number of iron deficiency disorders.
Iron chelation strategies have been in the works since the early 1900s,
and they still remain the most viable therapeutic approach to mitigate
the toxic side effects of excess iron. Intense investigations on improving
the efficacy of chelation strategies while being well tolerated and
accepted by patients have been a particular focus for many researchers
over the past 30 years. Moreover, recent advances in our understanding
on the role of iron in the pathogenesis of different diseases (both
in iron overload and iron deficiency conditions) motivate the need
to develop new therapeutics. We summarized recent investigations into
the role of iron in health and disease conditions, iron chelation,
and iron delivery strategies. Information regarding small molecule
as well as macromolecular approaches and how they are employed within
different disease pathogenesis such as primary and secondary iron
overload diseases, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, infections,
and in iron deficiency is provided.