Lower limb joint kinetics in the starting blocks and first stance in athletic sprinting

Brazil, Adam; Exell, Timothy; Wilson, Cassie; Willwacher, Steffen; Bezodis, Ian; Irwin, Gareth

doi:10.1080/02640414.2016.1227465

Cited by 44 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…13 As bi-planar muscles, while they are predominantly invertors they also have a role to play in plantarflexion of the foot and ankle. 31 Simulations 32 and later experimental data 33 suggested kinetics of the ankle joint play a dominant role in the acceleration of the center of mass during the stance phases of early acceleration in straight-line sprinting. Therefore, as previously supposed by Chang and Kram 34 a joint's capacity to contribute to the production of propulsive forces in the sagittal plane may be restricted by the frontal and transverse plane adaptations reported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Horizontal force production and multi‐segment foot kinematics during the acceleration phase of bend sprinting

Judson

Churchill

Barnes

et al. 2019

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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This paper investigated horizontal force production, foot kinematics, and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint push‐off axis use during acceleration in bend (anti‐clockwise) and straight‐line sprinting. It was hypothesized that bend sprinting would cause the left step push‐off to occur about the oblique axis, resulting in a decrease in propulsive force. Three‐dimensional kinematic and ground reaction force data were collected from nine participants during sprinting on the bend (36.5 m radius) and straight. Antero‐posterior force was reduced at 38%‐44% of stance during bend sprinting compared with the straight. This coincided with an increase in mediolateral force for the majority of the stance phase (3%‐96%) on the bend compared with the straight. In addition, a lower propulsive impulse was reported on the bend compared with the straight. Analysis of multi‐segment foot kinematics provides insight into the possible mechanisms behind these changes in force production. Mean mediolateral center of pressure position was more lateral in relation to the second metatarsal head in the left step on the bend compared with the straight, indicating the oblique axis was used for push‐off at the MTP joint. Greater peak joint angles of the left foot were also reported, in particular, an increase in left step midfoot eversion and internal ankle rotation. It is possible these changes in joint kinematics are associated with the observed decrease in propulsive force. Therefore, practitioners should seek to strengthen muscles such as tibialis posterior in frontal and sagittal planes and ensure specificity of training which may aid in addressing these force reductions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Horizontal force production and multi‐segment foot kinematics during the acceleration phase of bend sprinting

Judson

Churchill

Barnes

et al. 2019

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…A possible reason why sprinters have a wide first step, may be found by considering the musculoskeletal geometry of the hip joint. The importance of the hip muscles to generate joint power during block starts has been highlighted by several studies (Bezodis et al, 2015;Brazil et al, 2017;Mero, Kuitunen, Harland, Kyrolainen, & Komi, 2006). The hip joint is spanned by over 20 muscles (Weißgraeber, V.D.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The start of the block phase was defined as the first instance when the first derivative of either the front or rear block resultant force-time curve was > 500 N/s (Brazil et al, 2017). The first stance phase was defined when the vertical GRF was >10 N (Rabita et al, 2015).…”

Section: Data Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of a reduced first step width on starting block and first stance power and impulses during an athletic sprint start

Sandamas

Gutierrez-Farewik

Arndt

2018

Journal of Sports Sciences

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This study investigated how manipulating first step width affects 3D external force production, centre of mass (CoM) motion and performance in athletic sprinting. Eight male and 2 female competitive sprinters (100m PB: 11.03 ± 0.36 s male and 11.6 ± 0.45 s female) performed 10 maximal effort block starts. External force and three-dimensional kinematics were recorded in both the block and first stance phases. Five trials were performed with the athletes performing their preferred technique (Skating) and five trials with the athletes running inside a 0.3 m lane (Narrow). By reducing step width from a mean of 0.31 ± 0.06 m (Skating) to 0.19 ± 0.03 m (Narrow), reductions were found between the two styles in medial block and medial 1st stance impulses, 1st stance anterior toe-off velocity and mediolateral motion of the CoM. No differences were found in block time, step length, stance time, average net resultant force vector, net anteroposterior impulse nor normalised external power.Step width correlated positively with medial impulse but not with braking nor net anteroposterior impulse. Despite less medially directed forces and less mediolateral motion of the CoM in the Narrow trials, no immediate improvement to performance was found by restricting step width.

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Section: Data Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The onset of the force production and toe-off for each leg were determined using the first derivative of the GRF applied perpendicularly to the block surface with a threshold of >500 N/s (Brazil et al, 2017). Toe-off was defined when the GRF applied perpendicularly to the block surface next fell below 50 N (Brazil et al, 2017). Horizontal velocity was calculated integrating massspecific filtered anteroposterior GRF with adjusting the influence of air resistance in accordance with previous studies (Colyer et al, 2018;Nagahara et al, 2019).…”

Section: Data Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Location of the Center of Pressure on the Starting Block Is Related to Sprint Start Performance

Nagahara

Ohshima

2019

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Force application locations [i.e., center of pressure (COP)] on the block surface are not necessarily the same for individuals even if the same block locations and angles are used. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of block clearance performance with COP location on the starting block surface. Twenty-one male sprinters performed 60 m sprints from the starting blocks, during which the ground reaction forces (GRFs) on the starting blocks were recorded using two force platforms. Using a previously validated method, changes in COP location on the block surface during the block clearance for each block was calculated from the marker coordinates on the block surface, GRF signals, and moment data around the center of the force platform at the ground level. Moreover, average horizontal external power (AHEP), which was considered the key performance criterion, was computed. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) 1D linear regressions were used to test relationships between AHEP and COP location curves in the anteroposterior and vertical directions. The COP for both legs moved backward and upward (0.042 and 0.042 m for the front block and 0.030 and 0.034 m for the rear block) at first and then forward and downward (0.113 and 0.094 m for the front block and 0.095 and 0.087 m for the rear block) toward the toe-off. Based on SPM results, AHEP was correlated with front block anteroposterior and vertical COP locations from 12.9 to 20.8% and from 10.4 to 22.2% of the force production phase, respectively, while it was correlated with rear block vertical COP location from 31.9 to 37.4% of the force production phase. In conclusion, the current results demonstrate that, regardless of the starting block location and angle, better sprint start performance is accomplished with a higher and more to the rear COP on the starting block surface, when COP is located close to heel during the middle phase of the block clearance. The fact that the COP location is related to sprint start performance will be useful for sprinters and coaches who intend to improve sprint start performance.

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Lower limb joint kinetics in the starting blocks and first stance in athletic sprinting

Cited by 44 publications

References 25 publications

Horizontal force production and multi‐segment foot kinematics during the acceleration phase of bend sprinting

Horizontal force production and multi‐segment foot kinematics during the acceleration phase of bend sprinting

The effect of a reduced first step width on starting block and first stance power and impulses during an athletic sprint start

The Location of the Center of Pressure on the Starting Block Is Related to Sprint Start Performance

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