Low Temperature Electrodeposition of Titanium in Fluoride-Added LiCl–KCl–CsCl Molten Salt

Kumamoto, Kazuhiro; Kishimoto, Akihiro; Uda, Tetsuya

doi:10.2320/matertrans.mt-m2020083

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Furthermore, Ti is naturally abundant; however, its widespread use is hindered by its high smelting costs and poor workability. Therefore, the electrodeposition of Ti has been extensively studied to establish new smelting or plating methods to address these limitations. ,,,− Some of the applications of Ti rely on its superior surface properties, such as corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. If the advantageous surface properties of Ti can be achieved inexpensively, then the range of applications will expand even further.…”

Section: Electrodeposition Of Titaniummentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Concept of Molten Salt Systems for the Electrodeposition of Si, Ti, and W

Norikawa

2023

Acc. Chem. Res.

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Conspectus This Account describes the results of the electrodeposition of film-like Si, Ti, and W by utilizing molten salts selected based on a new concept. The proposed molten salt systems, KF–KCl and CsF–CsCl, have high fluoride ion concentrations, relatively low operating temperatures, and high solubility in water. First, KF–KCl molten salt was used for the electrodeposition of crystalline Si films to establish a new fabrication method for Si solar cell substrates. The electrodeposition of Si films from the molten salt at 923 and 1023 K was successfully achieved using K2SiF6 or SiCl4 as the Si ion source. The crystal grain size of Si was larger at higher temperatures, indicating that higher temperatures are advantageous for the application of Si solar cell substrates. The resulting Si films underwent photoelectrochemical reactions. Second, the electrodeposition of Ti films using the KF–KCl molten salt was investigated to easily impart the properties of Ti, such as high corrosion resistance and biocompatibility, to various substrates. Ti films with a smooth surface were obtained from the molten salt containing Ti(III) ions at 923 K. Electrochemical tests in artificial seawater revealed that the electrodeposited Ti films had no voids and cracks and that the obtained Ti-coated Ni plate had a high corrosion resistance against seawater. Finally, the molten salts were used for the electrodeposition of W films, which are expected to be used as diverter materials for nuclear fusion. Although the electrodeposition of W films was successful in the KF–KCl–WO3 molten salt at 923 K, the surface of the films was rough. Therefore, we used the CsF–CsCl–WO3 molten salt, which can be employed at lower temperatures than KF–KCl–WO3. We then successfully electrodeposited W films with a mirror-like surface at 773 K. Such a mirror-like metal film deposition has not been reported before using high-temperature molten salts. Further, the temperature dependence of the crystal phase of W was revealed by the electrodeposition of W films at 773–923 K. β-W was obtained at 773 and 823 K, α-W was obtained at 923 K, and a mixed phase of α- and β-W was obtained at 873 K. In addition, single-phase β-W films with a thickness of approximately 30 μm were electrodeposited, which has not been reported before. The results show that our proposed molten salt systems are advantageous for electroplating Si, Ti, and W. Our approach is also expected to be applicable for the electrodeposition of other metals such as Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, and Ta.

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Section: Electrodeposition Of Titaniummentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Concept of Molten Salt Systems for the Electrodeposition of Si, Ti, and W

Norikawa

2023

Acc. Chem. Res.

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“…[23][24][25] In terms of electrodeposition, the products obtained by conventional constant current or potential electrolysis will have dendrites, surface roughness and other problems. 26,27 Therefore, it is possible to improve the performance of the product by changing the form of the pulse parameters and finally obtain high quality products. For example, the roughness of niobium and tantalum coatings under pulsed electrolysis in molten salt system is significantly lower than that of direct current electrolysis.…”

Section: Principle Of Pulse Electrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Review—Pulse-Electrolysis Protocols in High Temperature Molten Salt Electrochemistry

Liu,

Jiao,

Yuan

et al. 2023

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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High temperature molten salt electrochemistry (MSE) plays a crucial role in the fields of metallurgy, materials, chemical industry and many other important areas. However, the traditional constant potential or constant current electrolysis has low current efficiency and poor product performance, so researchers often use pulse-electrolysis strategy to address this challenge. In this review, we present a discussion on the application of pulse technology in high temperature MSE. Then, we clarify the influence of key factors in the pulse electrolysis process and the internal mechanism of the influence is analyzed. Finally, we conclude with a perspective on the challenges and development directions of pulse electrolysis in high temperature MSE.

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“…A Ti-rich TiV alloy with a cauliflower-like morphology was deposited from LiClKCl at 700 K. 105) Fig. 5 Mechanism of Mg reduction in MgCl 2 melt proposed by Fang et al 87,88) A d v a n c e V i e w Kumamoto et al 106) chose the eutectic LiClKClCsCl system to conduct the electroreduction of Ti 2+ to Ti at low temperatures such as 573 K. The addition of F ¹ increases the current density of electrodeposition because of the increase in the total concentration of soluble Ti ions in the molten salt. The solubility of LiF in aqueous solution is considerably low; hence, an efficient method to remove LiF is required.…”

Section: Low-temperature Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Studies on Titanium Refining: 2017–2020

2021

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Titanium oxide can be converted directly to its metallic state. This extraordinary technology is realized in a CaCl 2 -based molten salt that can extract oxygen ions from the cathode. Several discussions have been exchanged in the field of electrochemistry and metallurgy in the last two decades. Recent papers on titanium refining are overviewed by selecting popular papers, especially those published in this journal, Materials Transactions. Basic and scientific studies on titanium and its refining are briefly analyzed, and some practical applications are introduced in related oxide reductions and the corresponding molten salts.

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Low Temperature Electrodeposition of Titanium in Fluoride-Added LiCl–KCl–CsCl Molten Salt

Cited by 5 publications

References 33 publications

A New Concept of Molten Salt Systems for the Electrodeposition of Si, Ti, and W

A New Concept of Molten Salt Systems for the Electrodeposition of Si, Ti, and W

Review—Pulse-Electrolysis Protocols in High Temperature Molten Salt Electrochemistry

Recent Studies on Titanium Refining: 2017–2020

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