Low Relative Skeletal Muscle Mass (Sarcopenia) in Older Persons Is Associated with Functional Impairment and Physical Disability

Janssen, Ian; Heymsfield, Steven B.; Ross, Robert

doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50216.x

Cited by 2,641 publications

(2,286 citation statements)

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“…Two detector electrodes were placed at the posterior wrist between the styloid processes of the radius and ulna and at the anterior ankle between the tibial and fibular malleoli. Fat free mass in kg was calculated as: [(height 2 / BIA resistance at 50 kHz*0.401) + (gender*3.825) + (age*0.071)] + 5.102 17. Fat free mass was normalized for height and termed FFMI.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of different muscle mass measurements on the diagnosis of cancer cachexia

Blauwhoff‐Buskermolen

Langius

Becker

et al. 2017

J cachexia sarcopenia muscle

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BackgroundProgressive loss of muscle mass is a major characteristic of cancer cachexia. Consensus definitions for cachexia provide different options to measure muscle mass. This study describes the effect of different methods to determine muscle mass on the diagnosis of cancer cachexia. In addition, the association of cachexia with other features of cachexia, quality of life, and survival was explored.MethodsPrior to chemotherapy, cachexia was assessed by weight loss, body mass index, and muscle mass measurements, the latter by mid‐upper arm muscle area (MUAMA), computed tomography (CT) scans, and bio‐electrical impedance analysis (BIA). In addition, appetite, inflammation, muscle strength, fatigue, quality of life, and survival were measured, and associations with cachexia were explored.ResultsIncluded were 241 patients with advanced cancer of the lung (36%), colon/rectum (31%), prostate (18%), or breast (15%). Mean age was 64 ± 10 years; 54% was male. Prevalence of low muscle mass was as follows: 13% with MUAMA, 59% with CT, and 93% with BIA. In turn, the prevalence of cachexia was 37, 43, and 48%, whereby weight loss >5% was the most prominent component of being defined cachectic. Irrespective of type of muscle measurement, patients with cachexia presented more often with anorexia, inflammation, low muscle strength, and fatigue and had lower quality of life. Patients with cachexia had worse overall survival compared with patients without cachexia: HRs 2.00 (1.42–2.83) with MUAMA, 1.64 (1.15–2.34) with CT, and 1.50 (1.05–2.14) with BIA.ConclusionsAlthough the prevalence of low muscle mass in patients with cancer depended largely on the type of muscle measurement, this had little influence on the diagnosis of cancer cachexia (as the majority of patients was already defined cachectic based on weight loss). New studies are warranted to further elucidate the additional role of muscle measurements in the diagnosis of cachexia and the association with clinical outcomes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of different muscle mass measurements on the diagnosis of cancer cachexia

Blauwhoff‐Buskermolen

Langius

Becker

et al. 2017

J cachexia sarcopenia muscle

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“…ASM (kg) was defined as the sum of the lean soft tissue masses for the arms and legs, after the method of Heymsfield et al 15 The ASM adjusted by stature index (ASM/height 2 ) was also computed as described by Baumgartner et al 16 In this study, sex-specific ASM/height 2 quintiles were created. For women, the bounds for ASM/ height 2 17 The SMI (%) (total skeletal muscle mass (kg)/weight (kg) Â 100) was obtained by calculating the total skeletal muscle mass adjusted by weight as described by Janssen et al 3 As with ASM/height 2 , SMI was divided into sex-specific quintiles to facilitate the interpretation of the odds ratios (OR Definitions of sarcopenia and SO First, sarcopenia was defined as an ASM/height 2 less than two s.d. below the sex-specific normal mean of a younger reference group 8 or the two lower quintiles in the study population.…”

Section: Definition Of Metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Sarcopenia leads to functional impairment and physical disability. 3 Moreover, aging and physical disability are also related to an increase in fat mass, particularly visceral fat, 4 which is an important factor in the development of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. 5 Therefore, sarcopenia and obesity in the elderly may synergistically increase their effect on physical disability, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and mortality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 To overcome this limitation, Newman et al 11 and Delmonico et al 12 proposed new criteria for sarcopenia based on the amount of lean mass being lower than expected for a given amount of fat mass using residuals from linear regression models. In addition, Janssen et al 3 proposed a definition of sarcopenia as skeletal muscle mass index (SMI (%), skeletal muscle mass (kg)/weight (kg) Â 100) of one or two s.d. below the mean for a younger reference group.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in Korean adults: the Korean sarcopenic obesity study

et al. 2009

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Objectives: To examine the prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity (SO) as defined by different indices, including appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM)/height 2 , skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) and residuals for Korean adults, and to explore the association between SO and metabolic syndrome. Methods: Our study sample included 526 participants (328 women, 198 men) for whom complete data on body composition were collected using available dual X-ray absorptiometry. Modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria were used to identify the individuals with metabolic syndrome. Results: The prevalence of sarcopenia and SO is higher in older adults. Using two s.d. of ASM/height 2 below reference values from young, healthy adults as a definition of sarcopenia, the prevalence of sarcopenia and SO was 6.3% and 1.3% in older (X60 years) men and 4.1% and 0.8% in older women, respectively. The prevalence of sarcopenia using the residuals method was 15.4% in older men and 22.3% in older women. In addition, using two s.d. of SMI, the prevalence of sarcopenia and SO was 5.1% and 5.1%, respectively, in older men and 14.2% and 12.5%, respectively, in older women. Among women, SO subjects defined by the SMI had three times the risk of metabolic syndrome (odds ratios (OR) ¼ 3.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) ¼ 1.21-8.66) and non-sarcopenic obese subjects had approximately twice the risk of metabolic syndrome (OR ¼ 2.17, 95% CI ¼ 1.22-3.88) compared with normal subjects. Similar trends were observed in men. Conclusion: The prevalence and cutoff values of sarcopenia and SO in the Korean population were evaluated using different methods. Among the different indices of sarcopenia and SO, SO only defined using the SMI was associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome. As the Korean population gets older and more obese, the problematics of SO need to be elucidate.

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“…Muscle mass index MMI is generally used as an index of sarcopenia and is calculated as follows: Appendicular FFM ðkgÞ=height ðmÞ 2 Class I sarcopenia is considered as a MMI between one or more standard deviations below the values of young adults from a reference population (Baumgartner et al, 1998;Janssen et al, 2002). In our laboratory, women were considered sarcopenic when MMI was o6.87 appendicular FFM kg/m 2 .…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Six months of isoflavone supplement increases fat-free mass in obese–sarcopenic postmenopausal women: a randomized double-blind controlled trial

et al. 2007

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Objective: The aim of this study was to verify if six months of isoflavone supplementation could increase fat-free mass (FFM) and muscle mass index (MMI ¼ appendicular FFM/height 2 ) in obese-sarcopenic postmenopausal women. Design: Double-blind randomized study. Subject: Eighteen sarcopenic-obese women completed the study (12 on isoflavones and six on placebo). Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Subjects ingested 70 mg of isoflavones per day (44 mg of diadzein, 16 mg glycitein and 10 mg genestein) or a placebo for 24 weeks. Results: The isoflavone group increased significantly appendicular (P ¼ 0.034), leg (P ¼ 0.016) FFM and MMI (P ¼ 0.037), but not the placebo group. Conclusion: Six months of isoflavone supplementation increased FFM and MMI in obese-sarcopenic postmenopausal women.

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Low Relative Skeletal Muscle Mass (Sarcopenia) in Older Persons Is Associated with Functional Impairment and Physical Disability

Cited by 2,641 publications

References 34 publications

The influence of different muscle mass measurements on the diagnosis of cancer cachexia

The influence of different muscle mass measurements on the diagnosis of cancer cachexia

Prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in Korean adults: the Korean sarcopenic obesity study

Six months of isoflavone supplement increases fat-free mass in obese–sarcopenic postmenopausal women: a randomized double-blind controlled trial

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