Low pressure ultraviolet inactivation of pathogenic enteric viruses and bacteriophages

Shin, Gwy-Am; Linden, Karl G.; Sobsey, Mark D.

doi:10.1139/s04-036

Cited by 45 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Intact Ascaris eggs were highly resistant to UV radiation; a fluence of 1,000 J/m 2 was required to achieve 1-log inactivation. This fluence is two to four times higher than the fluences required to inactivate adenoviruses (13,24,36,39), which are the most UV resistant of the human enteric viruses that have been studied. Thus, according to the methods used in our research, Ascaris eggs are the most UV-resistant water-related pathogen identified to date.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Inactivation of Single-Celled Ascaris suum Eggs by Low-Pressure UV Radiation

Brownell

Nelson

2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

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2 ), from 0-to 1.5-log inactivation can be expected, although at typical fluences (less than 1,000 J/m 2 ), the inactivation may be less than 1 log. When the eggs were decorticated (the outer egg shell layers were removed with sodium hypochlorite, leaving only the lipoprotein ascaroside layer) before exposure to UV, 1.80-؎ 0.32-log reduction (98.4%) was achieved with a fluence of 500 J/m 2 , suggesting that the outer eggshell layers protected A. suum eggs from inactivation by UV radiation. This protection may have been due to UV absorption by proteins in the outer layers of the 3-to 4-m-thick eggshell. Stirring alone (without UV exposure) also inactivated some of the Ascaris eggs (ϳ20% after 75 min), which complicated determination of the inactivation caused by UV radiation alone.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Inactivation of Single-Celled Ascaris suum Eggs by Low-Pressure UV Radiation

Brownell

Nelson

2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Interestingly, nuclear excision repair has been reported to be involved by human fibroblast host cells and human KB cells on UV-irradiated adenovirus serotype 2 (8,32,33), suggesting that there are host cellular mechanisms that may correct damaged viral DNA. Indeed, because adenovirus has been shown to have the lowest rate of inactivation by UV light among all other waterborne viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens (13,17,26,29,38,41,43,50), the repair mechanism has been, in fact, suggested to be a reason for the high resistance to UV of adenovirus (15).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human adenovirus serotype 2 strain adenoid 6 (VR-846; ATCC, Manassas, VA), was used as a model virus for this study (38). The virus stock was propagated in human lung carcinoma A-549 cells (CCL-185; ATCC, Manassas, VA) before use in experiments according to the following protocol, with the exception of experiment UV-1 using the virus stock directly upon shipment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Exposure to UV-C Irradiation and Monochloramine on Adenovirus Serotype 2 Early Protein Expression and DNA Replication

Sirikanchana¹,

Shisler

Mariñas³

2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The mechanisms of adenovirus serotype 2 inactivation with either UV light (with a narrow emission spectrum centered at 254 nm) or monochloramine were investigated by assessing the potential inhibition of two key steps of the adenovirus life cycle, namely, E1A protein synthesis and viral genomic replication. E1A early protein synthesis was assayed by using immunoblotting, while the replication of viral DNA was analyzed by using slot blotting. Disinfection experiments were performed in phosphate buffer solutions at pH 8 and room temperature (UV) or 20°C (monochloramine). Experimental results revealed that normalized E1A levels at 12 h postinfection (p.i.) were statistically the same as the corresponding decrease in survival ratio for both UV and monochloramine disinfection. Normalized DNA levels at 24 h p.i. were also found to be statistically the same as the corresponding decrease in survival ratio for monochloramine disinfection. In contrast, for UV disinfection, genomic DNA levels were much lower than E1A or survival ratios, possibly as a result of a delay in DNA replication for UV-treated virions compared to that for controls. Future efforts will determine the pre-E1A synthesis step in the adenovirus life cycle affected by exposure to UV and monochloramine, with the goal of identifying the viral molecular target of these two disinfectants.

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“…Cryptosporidium, Giardia) at relatively low, economical doses, and due to the absence of any known harmful disinfection by-products. While most viruses are more difficult to inactivate with UV light than bacteria or protozoa, a UV dose (or 'fluence') of 40 mJ/cm 2 applied by collimated beam exposures at bench-scale has been shown to successfully achieve 4-log inactivation of many waterborne viral pathogens including echovirus, coxsackievirus, calicivirus, and poliovirus Gerba et al 2002;Shin et al 2001;Meng and Gerba 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of Adenovirus Types 2, 5, and 41 in Drinking Water by UV Light, Free Chlorine, and Monochloramine

et al. 2007

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A bench-scale study was conducted to determine the inactivation of adenovirus types 2, 5, and 41 by ultraviolet (UV) light, chlorine, and monochloramine. The motivation for this study was to determine whether UV disinfection followed by chlorine or monochloramine for a very short contact time (e.g. a minute) could satisfy regulatory requirements for 4-log virus inactivation. In order to overcome the difficulty Ad 41 presents for enumeration of the virus in cell culture, a technique was used that combined immunofluorescent staining of viral antigen with traditional scoring of cytopathic effect (CPE). A UV dose of 40 mJ/cm 2 (millijoules per square centimetre) (applied using a collimated beam apparatus) achieved approximately 1-log inactivation of adenovirus (Ad) types 2, 5 and 41, confirming previous research. Ad 41 was found to be more UV-resistant to UV light than Ad 2 or Ad 5 at UV doses > 70 mJ/cm 2 to a statistically significant degree (95% confidence); however, at lower UV doses there were no statistically significant differences. Experiments with Ad 5 and Ad 41 at 5 °C and pH 8.5 showed that chlorine was very effective against Ad 5 and Ad 41, with a CT (product of disinfectant concentration and contact time) of 0.22 mg·min/L providing 4-log inactivation. Monochloramine was less effective against these adenoviruses, with a CT of 350 mg·min/L required to achieve 2.5-log inactivation of Ad 5 and 41 at 5 °C and pH 8.5.

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Low pressure ultraviolet inactivation of pathogenic enteric viruses and bacteriophages

Cited by 45 publications

References 17 publications

Inactivation of Single-Celled Ascaris suum Eggs by Low-Pressure UV Radiation

Inactivation of Single-Celled Ascaris suum Eggs by Low-Pressure UV Radiation

Effect of Exposure to UV-C Irradiation and Monochloramine on Adenovirus Serotype 2 Early Protein Expression and DNA Replication

Inactivation of Adenovirus Types 2, 5, and 41 in Drinking Water by UV Light, Free Chlorine, and Monochloramine

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