Low‐Dimensional Black Phosphorus in Sensor Applications: Advances and Challenges

Abstract

Low-dimensional black phosphorus (LDBP) materials have emerged, with considerable application potential in sensing due to their unique folded structures and remarkable physicochemical properties. These include anisotropies, layer-dependent and tunable band gaps, high carrier mobilities, high current switching ratios, and excellent electron donor capacities. As a type of supporting material that is favorable to signal transmission or reception, LDBP is widely researched in piezoelectric, flexible, chemical, and biomolecular sensors. This review summarizes the synthetic methods, properties, and modification strategies of LDBP, and then mainly focuses on the research progress in LDBP-based sensor applications, including physical and chemical sensors and biosensors. The major issues in LDBP-based sensor applications are also discussed. Finally, the prospects and challenges in the field of LDBPbased sensors are analyzed.

Ultratough Hydrogen‐Bond‐Bridged Phosphorene Films

“…. [39,41] Figure 3d shows the results of the sensing experiment. The curves illustrate the point in time where the device is exposed to 100 ppb NO 2 concentration (the ON state) and when the device is flushed with N 2 to remove NO 2 (the OFF state).…”

“…[ 14,40 ] However, to the best of our knowledge, flexible NO 2 gas sensing devices based on BP have not been reported, due to the poor mechanical properties of BP. To explore the influence of the improved mechanical properties of our intercalated BP, we prepared flexible NO 2 gas sensors [ 41 ] via a simple drop coating method in the glove box. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was chosen as the substrate due to its high flexibility and inertness to phosphorus.…”

“…The sensitivity S of the device is defined as the relative resistance change (Δ R ) or conductance change (Δ G ) normalized to the original resistance ( R 0 ) or conductance ( G 0 ), i.e., $$S = \Delta R{\rm{/}}{R_0} = \left( {R - {R_0}} \right){\rm{/}}{R_0}$$ or $$S = \Delta G{\rm{/}}{G_0} = \left( {G - {G_0}} \right){\rm{/}}{G_0}$$. [ 39,41 ] Figure 3d shows the results of the sensing experiment. The curves illustrate the point in time where the device is exposed to 100 ppb NO 2 concentration (the ON state) and when the device is flushed with N 2 to remove NO 2 (the OFF state).…”

Room-Temperature Blackbody-Sensitive and Fast Infrared Photodetectors Based on 2D Tellurium/Graphene Van der Waals Heterojunction

“…However, the high preparation cost or refrigeration demand limits the wide application and development of these detectors. In recent decades, low-dimensional materials have attracted substantial attention because of their unique electronic and optoelectronic properties, which promote the development of low-dimensional infrared detectors. − Room-temperature blackbody-sensitive photodetectors based on low-dimensional materials have also emerged. − As a narrow direct band gap semiconductor, low-dimensional tellurium (Te) exhibits great application potential because of its high mobility, strong light absorption, and good ambient stability. , Wang et al reported that field-effect transistors with ultra-high field-effect mobilities were prepared from solution-grown two-dimensional (2D) tellurium . The work by Amani et al.…”

2D-Materials-Based Wearable Biosensor Systems

“…Two-dimensional materials with an atomic or molecular thickness (<1 nm) have shown several advantages such as excellent flexibility and mechanical properties, large surface area, low sheet resistance, high carrier mobility, and high biocompatibility required for the construction of wearable biosensors [ 33 , 34 , 35 ]. To date, 2D materials (e.g., graphene [ 36 , 37 ], transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) [ 38 , 39 ], black phosphorus [ 40 , 41 ], and transition-metal carbides (MXenes) [ 42 ]) have been demonstrated with great promise in applications in biosensing technology, including electronic skins [ 43 , 44 , 45 ], contact lenses [ 46 , 47 ], oral sensors [ 48 ], glove sensors [ 49 ], acoustic sensors [ 50 ], and man–machine control systems [ 51 ], as summarized in Figure 1 . Taking the miRNA detection as an example ( Table 1 ), 2D materials have shown excellent properties in the field of biosensors.…”