Low-cost modular devices for on-road vehicle detection and characterisation

Abstract

Detecting and characterising vehicles is one of the purposes of embedded systems used in intelligent environments. An analysis of a vehicle’s characteristics can reveal inappropriate or dangerous behaviour. This detection makes it possible to sanction or notify emergency services to take early and practical actions. Vehicle detection and characterisation systems employ complex sensors such as video cameras, especially in urban environments. These sensors provide high precision and performance, although the price and computational requirements are proportional to their accuracy. These sensors offer high accuracy, but the price and computational requirements are directly proportional to their performance. This article introduces a system based on modular devices that is economical and has a low computational cost. These devices use ultrasonic sensors to detect the speed and length of vehicles. The measurement accuracy is improved through the collaboration of the device modules. The experiments were performed using multiple modules oriented to different angles. This module is coupled with another specifically designed to detect distance using previous modules’ speed and length data. The collaboration between different modules reduces the speed relative error ranges from 1 to 5%, depending on the angle configuration used in the modules.

Detection and Analysis of Pavement-Section Based on Laser Displacement Sensor

“…Sensors 2023, 23, 6758 2 of 19 single-device measurements [16], which will affect the data collection accuracy due to equipment errors and environmental disturbances (rain, fog and the environment) [17].…”

“…These methods are effective in practice, but they also have some defects and limitations. Here are some common defects: The detection accuracy is low: the level tape measure method, theodolite line-of-sight method, total station measurement method, and GPS measurement are all single-device measurements [ 16 ], which will affect the data collection accuracy due to equipment errors and environmental disturbances (rain, fog and the environment) [ 17 ]. The level tape measure method and the theodolite line-of-sight method are difficult to guarantee accuracy due to manual reading [ 18 ].…”

“…The detection accuracy is low: the level tape measure method, theodolite line-of-sight method, total station measurement method, and GPS measurement are all single-device measurements [ 16 ], which will affect the data collection accuracy due to equipment errors and environmental disturbances (rain, fog and the environment) [ 17 ]. The level tape measure method and the theodolite line-of-sight method are difficult to guarantee accuracy due to manual reading [ 18 ].…”