Low 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations in international UK track and field athletes

Pollock, Noel; Dijkstra, Paul; Chakraverty, Rob; Hamilton, Bruce

doi:10.17159/2078-516x/2012/v24i2a336

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 69 publications

(80 reference statements)

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“…In contrast to the MBB athletes in the present study, 25(OH)D insufficiency was not seen amongst our cohort of WBB athletes. This observation is in contrast to previous reports of 25(OH)D in female athletes, where insufficient levels had been reported in 83% of gymnasts [20], 40% of endurance trained athletes [19], and 58% of elite track and field athletes [21]. While 25(OH)D status did not differ between sexes in past studies with endurance [22] or collegiate athletes [10,23], findings from the present study demonstrated that the majority of WBB players were able to maintain sufficient 25(OH)D status in both the summer off-season and autumn pre-season, while their male counterparts were insufficient at both time points.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 98%

“…Villacis et al [24] observed a similar relationship amongst a cohort of NCAA DI athletes ( n = 223), with abnormal 25(OH)D levels being 15.2 times greater in athletes with a dark skin tone. A separate study with elite track and field athletes from the United Kingdom [21] reported lower 25(OH)D levels in dark-skinned compared to fair-skinned athletes. The increased risk of 25(OH)D insufficiency in dark-skinned athletes is thought to be caused by greater amounts of melanin within the epidermal layer of the skin [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vitamin D Status Differs by Sex, Sport-Season, and Skin Pigmentation among Elite Collegiate Basketball Players

Fields

Payne

Gallo

et al. 2019

Sports

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Vitamin D plays a key role in bone health, musculoskeletal function, and sport performance. Collegiate athletes competing in indoor sports may be at greater risk of vitamin D deficiency due to limited outdoor time. Therefore, the purpose was to assess 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations among collegiate men and women basketball (MBB, WBB) athletes. National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I men (MBB, n = 11) and women (WBB, n = 9) were tested during the off-season (T1; July) and pre-season (T2; October). Measurements included serum 25(OH)D; skin pigmentation, bone mineral density, and daily sun exposure (self-reported). Paired t-tests determined changes in 25(OH)D by sport-season and sex. Pearson correlations examined relationships between outcome variables. MBB athletes (mean ± SD; 19.6 ± 1.3 years) showed a reduction in 25(OH)D (T1: 64.53 nmol·L−1 ± 11.96) (T2: 56.11 nmol·L−1 ± 7.90) (p = 0.001). WBB (20.1 ± 1.1 years) had no change in 25(OH)D (T1: 99.07 nmol·L−1 ± 49.94. T2: 97.56 nmol·L−1 ± 36.47, p = 0.848). A positive association between 25(OH)D and skin pigmentation was observed (r = 0.47, p = 0.038). 25(OH)D was inversely correlated with lean body mass (LBM), body mass (BM), and bone mineral density (BMD), while a positive association was seen between 25(OH)D and skin pigmentation. In summary, 25(OH)D insufficiency was prevalent amongst male collegiate basketball athletes, with 25(OH)D levels being lower in the pre-season (October) than the off-season (July). Furthermore, darker skin pigmentation significantly correlated with 25(OH)D, indicating that individuals with darker skin tones may be at a greater risk of insufficiency/deficiency. More research is needed to examine the relationships between 25(OH)D and bone health in athletes.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D Status Differs by Sex, Sport-Season, and Skin Pigmentation among Elite Collegiate Basketball Players

Fields

Payne

Gallo

et al. 2019

Sports

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“…Vitamin D inadequacy was identified among ~1/3 women collegiate athletes and 2/3 below thresholds identified as sufficient for athletes. This observation is in support of previous findings with women athletes where rates of insufficiency (<75 nmol/L) were reported as 83% among gymnasts [ 17 ], 40% among endurance trained athletes [ 18 ], and 58% among elite track and field athletes [ 19 ]. Further, Japanese women indoor sport athletes from basketball and volleyball ( n = 15; age: 20.6 ± 0.6 years; height: 162.6 ± 3.3 cm; weight: 60.0 ± 4.3 kg; and body fat %: 25.2 ± 2.7%) reported vitamin D values of 47.5 ± 10.0 nmol/L in samples collected during the winter [ 20 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Vitamin D Binding Protein, Bioavailable 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, and Body Composition in a Diverse Sample of Women Collegiate Indoor Athletes

Fields

Gallo

Worswick

et al. 2020

JFMK

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Women athletes are at higher risk for bone diseases; yet, information on vitamin D status ((25(OH)D), vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), and bioavailable 25(OH)D is limited. Collegiate athletes (n = 36) from volleyball (WVB), basketball (WBB), and track and field (WTF) were measured for (25(OH)D), VDBP, and bioavailable 25(OH)D; body composition and bone mineral density (BMD); and skin pigmentation. Participants self-reported daily vitamin D intake and sun exposure. One-way analysis of variance analyzed mean differences in measures across sports. Linear regression examined relationships between 25(OH)D; VDBP; bioavailable 25(OH)D; and whole body, hip, and spine BMD. Participants’ (mean ± SD, 19.4 ± 1.4 years, 172.75 ± 8.21 cm, 70.9 ± 13.2 kg, and 22.9 ± 4.1% body fat) overall mean 25(OH)D was 70.5 ± 32.25 nmol/L, and 28% of participants were deemed inadequate and 61% below thresholds identified as sufficient for athletes. Although WBB athletes consumed higher (p = 0.007) dietary vitamin D (760.9 ± 484.2 IU/d) than WVB (342.6 ± 257.8) and WTF (402.3 ± 376.4) athletes did, there were no differences across sport in serum 25(OH)D. WVB and WTF had higher bioavailable 25(OH)D than WBB. No relationships existed between vitamin D status and body composition. Vitamin D inadequacy was identified among 1/3 of women indoor sport athletes. Consistent monitoring of vitamin D status and diet are recommended to sustain athlete health and sport performance.

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“…1,12 Certain demographic factors have been associated with vitamin D insufficiency, including dark skin pigmentation, female sex, increasing age, malabsorption syndromes, latitude greater than 35° N, winter season, indoor sports, and the use of sunscreen. 3,13,14,18 Fishman and others 4 recently investigated the epidemic of vitamin D insufficiency among professional basketball players. These authors found that hypovitaminosis D was present in 79.3% of combine participants, with 32.3% having deficient levels.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D Insufficiency Among Professional Basketball Players: A Relationship to Fracture Risk and Athletic Performance

Grieshober

Mehran

Photopolous

et al. 2018

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background:Vitamin D is believed to play a role in influencing fracture risk and athletic performance. Insufficiency of vitamin D affects an estimated three-quarters of the United States population. Hypovitaminosis D has also been demonstrated to be quite common among professional basketball players in the National Basketball Association (NBA).Purpose:To determine whether a relationship exists between vitamin D levels and fracture risk and athletic performance (as measured by NBA draft status) among elite basketball players.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Methods:Data were obtained from the NBA regarding combine participants from 2009 through 2013. This information included vitamin D level, demographic information, fracture history, and NBA draft status. The data were analyzed to determine associations between vitamin D level and fracture risk and NBA draft status.Results:Vitamin D levels were measured for 279 players at the NBA Combine from 2009 through 2013. Vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) was seen in 32.3% of athletes, vitamin D insufficiency (20-30 ng/mL) was seen in 41.2%, and sufficient levels of vitamin D (>30 ng/mL) were present in only 26.5%. A total of 118 players had a history of at least 1 fracture. Vitamin D level was not predictive of fracture risk. Contrary to our hypothesis, players with a history of stress fracture had a significantly greater mean vitamin D level than those without such history (30.7 vs 25.1 ng/mL; P = .04). A majority (79.6%) of participants were selected in the NBA draft. Players with deficient vitamin D levels had a significantly lower rate of being drafted into the NBA (P = .027). The NBA draft rate was found to increase with increasing levels of vitamin D (P = .007).Conclusion:Hypovitaminosis D is quite common among NBA Combine participants, affecting 73.5%. While no significant relationship was found between vitamin D level and fracture history, patients with a history of stress fracture had significantly greater mean vitamin D levels. Additionally, participants with greater vitamin D levels were more likely to be drafted into the NBA. This information supports the potential role of vitamin D in influencing athletic performance.

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Low 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations in international UK track and field athletes

Cited by 13 publications

References 69 publications

Vitamin D Status Differs by Sex, Sport-Season, and Skin Pigmentation among Elite Collegiate Basketball Players

Vitamin D Status Differs by Sex, Sport-Season, and Skin Pigmentation among Elite Collegiate Basketball Players

25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Vitamin D Binding Protein, Bioavailable 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, and Body Composition in a Diverse Sample of Women Collegiate Indoor Athletes

Vitamin D Insufficiency Among Professional Basketball Players: A Relationship to Fracture Risk and Athletic Performance

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