Loss of
            <i>AvrSr50</i>
            by somatic exchange in stem rust leads to virulence for
            <i>Sr50</i>
            resistance in wheat

Chen, Jiapeng; Upadhyaya, Narayana M.; Ortiz, Diana; Sperschneider, Jana; Li, Feng; Bouton, Clément R.; Breen, Susan; Dong, Chongmei; Xu, Bo; Zhang, Xiaoxiao; Mago, Rohit; Newell, Kim; Xia, Xiaodi; Bernoux, Maud; Taylor, Jennifer; Steffenson, Brian J.; Jin, Yue; Zhang, Peng; Kanyuka, K.; Figueroa, Melania; Ellis, Jeffrey G.; Park, Robert; Dodds, Peter N.

doi:10.1126/science.aao4810

Cited by 184 publications

(175 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…AvrSr35 and Sr35 colocalized with the endoplasmic reticulum and interacted in plant cells; however, whether the interaction is direct or indirect remains to be determined. In the second example, sequencing the genomes of an avirulent AvrSr50 isolate and a spontaneous virulent mutant derived from this isolate identified a 2.5 Mb region showing loss‐of‐heterozygosity (Chen et al ., ). A total of 41 genes encoding haustorially expressed secreted proteins present in this region were transiently coexpressed without their signal peptide with the wheat resistance gene Sr50 , and a single candidate triggered a HR (Chen et al ., ).…”

Section: Functional Characterization Of Rust Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In the second example, sequencing the genomes of an avirulent AvrSr50 isolate and a spontaneous virulent mutant derived from this isolate identified a 2.5 Mb region showing loss‐of‐heterozygosity (Chen et al ., ). A total of 41 genes encoding haustorially expressed secreted proteins present in this region were transiently coexpressed without their signal peptide with the wheat resistance gene Sr50 , and a single candidate triggered a HR (Chen et al ., ). AvrSr50 showed a nucleocytolocalization in N. benthamiana and exhibited a cell death suppression activity, indicating that it could have a role in suppressing defence response (Chen et al ., ).…”

Section: Functional Characterization Of Rust Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…A total of 41 genes encoding haustorially expressed secreted proteins present in this region were transiently coexpressed without their signal peptide with the wheat resistance gene Sr50 , and a single candidate triggered a HR (Chen et al ., ). AvrSr50 showed a nucleocytolocalization in N. benthamiana and exhibited a cell death suppression activity, indicating that it could have a role in suppressing defence response (Chen et al ., ). These back‐to‐back papers demonstrate the great promises of combining functional assays with (population) genomics and transcriptomics to identify new rust avirulence genes.…”

Section: Functional Characterization Of Rust Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Advances in understanding obligate biotrophy in rust fungi

et al. 2019

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Summary Rust fungi (Pucciniales) are the largest group of plant pathogens and represent one of the most devastating threats to agricultural crops worldwide. Despite the economic importance of these highly specialized pathogens, many aspects of their biology remain obscure, largely because rust fungi are obligate biotrophs. The rise of genomics and advances in high‐throughput sequencing technology have presented new options for identifying candidate effector genes involved in pathogenicity mechanisms of rust fungi. Transcriptome analysis and integrated bioinformatics tools have led to the identification of key genetic determinants of host susceptibility to infection by rusts. Thousands of genes encoding secreted proteins highly expressed during host infection have been reported for different rust species, which represents significant potential towards understanding rust effector function. Recent high‐throughput in planta expression screen approaches (effectoromics) have pushed the field ahead even further towards predicting high‐priority effectors and identifying avirulence genes. These new insights into rust effector biology promise to inform future research and spur the development of effective and sustainable strategies for managing rust diseases.

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Section: Functional Characterization Of Rust Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Functional Characterization Of Rust Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Functional Characterization Of Rust Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Advances in understanding obligate biotrophy in rust fungi

et al. 2019

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“…It is well documented, however, that pathogen avirulence ( Avr ) gene effector products are recognized by the LRR domain of NLR proteins, and the generation of polymorphisms in either pathogen Avr or host R genes (gene‐for‐gene) via well‐characterized evolutionary mechanisms are critical for pathogen survival (Upadhyaya et al ., ). Recent studies on the isolation of rust resistance genes expressed in wheat during ETI suggest that in all cases NLR genes encoding cytoplasmic receptor proteins were responsible for the observed resistance (Periyannan et al ., ; Saintenac et al ., ; Mago et al ., ; Steuernagel et al ., ; Sánchez‐Martín et al ., ; Chen et al ., ; Salcedo et al ., ). Fewer rust resistance genes have been isolated in barley relative to wheat.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Host and Nonhost Resistance In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring and exploiting the boundaries of host specificity using the cereal rust and mildew models

et al. 2018

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Individual plants encounter a vast number of microbes including bacteria, viruses, fungi and oomycetes through their growth cycle, yet few of these pathogens are able to infect them. Plant species have diverged over millions of years, co-evolving with few specific pathogens. The host boundaries of most pathogen species can be clearly defined. In general, the greater the genetic divergence from the preferred host, the less likely that pathogen would be able to infect that plant species. Co-evolution and divergence also occur within pathogen species, leading to highly specialized subspecies with narrow host ranges. For example, cereal rust and mildew pathogens (Puccinia and Blumeria spp.) display high host specificity as a result of ongoing co-evolution with a narrow range of grass species. In rare cases, however, some plant species are in a transition from host to nonhost or are intermediate hosts (near nonhost). Barley was reported as a useful model for genetic and molecular studies of nonhost resistance due to rare susceptibility to numerous heterologous rust and mildew fungi. This review evaluates host specificity in numerous Puccinia/Blumeria-cereal pathosystems and discusses various approaches for transferring nonhost resistance (NHR) genes between crop species to reduce the impact of important diseases in food production.

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“…tritici have identified race-specific avirulence factors ( Avr ) such as AvrSr35 that mediates resistance against the highly virulent wheat stem rust race Ug99 [28] and AvrSr50, recognized by the Sr50 resistance protein, that provides resistance against all race groups of P. graminis f. sp. tritici worldwide, including Ug99 [29,30]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Plasmodiophora brassicae effectors — A challenging goal

et al. 2018

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Clubroot is an economically important disease affecting Brassica plants worldwide. Plasmodiophora brassicae is the protist pathogen associated with the disease, and its soil-borne obligate parasitic nature has impeded studies related to its biology and the mechanisms involved in its infection of the plant host. The identification of effector proteins is key to understanding how the pathogen manipulates the plant’s immune response and the genes involved in resistance. After more than 140 years studying clubroot and P. brassicae, very little is known about the effectors playing key roles in the infection process and subsequent disease progression. Here we analyze the information available for identified effectors and suggest several features of effector genes that can be used in the search for others. Based on the information presented in this review, we propose a comprehensive bioinformatics pipeline for effector identification and provide a list of the bioinformatics tools available for such.

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Loss of AvrSr50 by somatic exchange in stem rust leads to virulence for Sr50 resistance in wheat

Cited by 184 publications

References 47 publications

Advances in understanding obligate biotrophy in rust fungi

Advances in understanding obligate biotrophy in rust fungi

Exploring and exploiting the boundaries of host specificity using the cereal rust and mildew models

Identification of Plasmodiophora brassicae effectors — A challenging goal

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