“…A semiconductor device converts a variable DC input voltage to the fixed DC output voltage by adjusting the duty cycle (D) under all conditions of solar irradiances. Figure 5 shows the circuit of DC‐DC buck‐boost converter and block diagram of the voltage controller 2 . The switches are controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) technique, where the inputs to the converter are the PV generator voltage, V d , and a predefined set value, V set .…”