Longitudinal Study of the Contamination of Air and of Soil Surfaces in the Vicinity of Pig Barns by Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Schulz, Jochen; Friese, Anika; Klees, Sylvia; Tenhagen, Bernd‐Alois; Fetsch, A.; Rösler, Uwe; Hartung, J.

doi:10.1128/aem.00550-12

Cited by 141 publications

(148 citation statements)

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“…Since living in areas with a high density of pigs (6) and private farm visits (27) were risk factors for livestock-associated MRSA carriage, modes of indirect transmission are most likely through contamination of areas in which people live and interact. Considering the survival of S. aureus bacteria in the environment and subsequent spread by air over large distances (7), transmission by air is a possibility (28), as well as transmission by vectors such as rodents (29). Nevertheless, transmission by human-to-human contact cannot be ruled out: of the six MUO CC398 carriers investigated by extended questionnaire in this study, one MUO CC398 carrier had had contact with a MRSA carrier (who or which MRSA type was unknown) outside the family or household, while another had visited a farm without contact to animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reservoir or transmission route of MUO CC398 still remains unknown: possible transmission routes are direct animalto-human transmission of animal sources not included as risk factors in the MRSA guideline (due to being unknown or having a limited effect on the population as a whole), indirect animal-tohuman transmission through the environment, e.g., by dust or air vehicle (6,7) or animal products such as meat (8), or human-tohuman transmission (9). Hospital outbreaks of CC398 have been described, illustrating the potential of human-to-human transmission by this clonal complex (10).…”

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confidence: 99%

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What Is the Origin of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 398 Isolates from Humans without Livestock Contact? An Epidemiological and Genetic Analysis

et al. 2015

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f Fifteen percent of all methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clonal complex 398 (CC398) human carriers detected in The Netherlands had not been in direct contact with pigs or veal calves. To ensure low MRSA prevalence, it is important to investigate the likely origin of this MRSA of unknown origin (MUO). Recently, it was shown that CC398 strains originating from humans and animals differ in the presence of specific mobile genetic elements (MGEs). We hypothesized that determining these specific MGEs in MUO isolates and comparing them with a set of CC398 isolates of various known origin might provide clues to their origin. MUO CC398 isolates were compared to MRSA CC398 isolates obtained from humans with known risk factors, a MRSA CC398 outbreak isolate, livestock associated (LA) MRSA CC398 isolates from pigs, horses, chickens, and veal calves, and five methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) CC398 isolates of known human origin. All strains were spa typed, and the presence or absence of, scn, chp, 3 int, 6 int, 7 int, rep7, rep27, and cadDX was determined by PCRs. The MRSA CC398 in humans, MUO, or MRSA of known origin (MKO) resembled MRSA CC398 as found in pigs and not MSSA CC398 as found in humans. The distinct human MSSA CC398 spa type, t571, was not present among our MRSA CC398 strains; MRSA CC398 was tetracycline resistant and carried no 3 bacteriophage with scn and chp. We showed by simple PCR means that human MUO CC398 carriers carried MRSA from livestock origin, suggestive of indirect transmission. Although the exact transmission route remains unknown, direct human-to-human transmission remains a possibility as well. In The Netherlands, the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is low (1), and Dutch MRSA strains display broad clonal diversity (2). One exception is the livestockassociated (LA) clone (clonal complex 398 [CC398]), a major clonal reservoir in pigs and veal calves (3) and subsequently in people with occupational exposure to animals. The reported number of MRSA CC398 strains has been around 40% of MRSA strains reported to the Dutch MRSA surveillance since 2008 (2, 4). However, only 78% of reported CC398 strains are found through screening of patients with direct (occupational) contact to pigs or veal calves at hospital admission (a risk factor introduced in 2006) (5).The remaining MRSA CC398 carriers do not comply with the described risk factors in the Dutch MRSA guideline: industrial contact with live pigs, veal calves, or broiler chickens regardless of whether or not this contact was occupational and/or residence of the individual on such a farm. Currently 15% (352/2,312) of all Dutch and 15% (24/164) of all Danish MRSA CC398 carriers have not been in direct contact with pigs or veal calves (2, 4). In The Netherlands, these MRSA CC398 carriers are considered a MRSA of unknown origin (MUO) subgroup (MUO CC398), with MUO being any MRSA reported to the MRSA surveillance without known risk factors as defined in the Dutch MRSA guideline (4).The ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

What Is the Origin of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 398 Isolates from Humans without Livestock Contact? An Epidemiological and Genetic Analysis

et al. 2015

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“…MRSA was isolated in dust from infected herds which may be subsequently inhaled by workers in the farm (EFSA, 2007;Schulz et al, 2012). Transmission of disease through water may occur in aquatic animals such as fish.…”

Section: Mrsa In the Communitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): A Review

Grema¹,

Geidam²,

Gadzama³

et al. 2015

Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci.

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“…In recent years, several studies have investigated airborne MRSA using different samplers, including the Andersen 1-STG impactor (Hsiao et al 2012;Chang and Wang 2014), SAS 100 impactor (Agnoletti et al 2014), AES air sampler (Creamer et al 2014), and AGI-30 impinger . Among these studies, active sampling has been the most common method used for surveying airborne S. aureus, and the detection of MRSA in air samples suggests that the risk of infection through inhalation may be increasing Schulz et al 2012;Creamer et al 2014). However, few studies have been performed to characterize the collection efficiency and sampling stress (via impaction or impingement) on airborne S. aureus (Hsiao et al 2012;Chang and Wang 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Propidium Monoazide Quantitative PCR for Evaluating Performances of Bioaerosol Samplers for Sampling AirborneStaphylococcus aureus

Tseng

Hsiao

Chang

et al. 2014

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Airborne Staphylococcus aureus causes a significant proportion of nosocomial infections. The purpose of this study was to combine real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction with the DNA-binding agent propidium monoazide (PMA-qPCR) to assess exposures to airborne S. aureus. In this work, we generated a S. aureus aerosol and used our assay to detect viable, airborne S. aureus in a study chamber. The biological collection efficiencies of three samplers (the AGI-30 impinger, BioSampler, and Nuclepore filter sampler) were evaluated using the S. aureus aerosols. The effects of storage in collection fluid on S. aureus sampled by the AGI-30 impinger and BioSampler were evaluated. Furthermore, air samples from an intensive care unit (ICU) and a gymnasium (GYM) were subsequently used to test the performance of a BioSampler combined with our PMA-qPCR technique. The BioSampler was more effective than the AGI-30 and Nuclepore filter samplers for preserving the culturability and viability of S. aureus aerosol samples. After sampling by impingement, the loss of viable S. aureus was minimized by treating the cells with PMA prior to storage at ¡20 C and analyzing the samples by qPCR within 3 weeks. In field applications, we noted that traditional culture assays tended to underestimate the viable concentrations of S. aureus by approximately one order of magnitude. Overall, combining qPCR with and without PMA staining may be useful for assessing exposure to airborne S. aureus. However, a complex set of parameters that may affect the efficiency of PMA-qPCR must be taken into account before applying PMA-qPCR to bioaerosol detection.

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Longitudinal Study of the Contamination of Air and of Soil Surfaces in the Vicinity of Pig Barns by Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Cited by 141 publications

References 31 publications

What Is the Origin of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 398 Isolates from Humans without Livestock Contact? An Epidemiological and Genetic Analysis

What Is the Origin of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 398 Isolates from Humans without Livestock Contact? An Epidemiological and Genetic Analysis

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): A Review

Optimization of Propidium Monoazide Quantitative PCR for Evaluating Performances of Bioaerosol Samplers for Sampling AirborneStaphylococcus aureus

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