Longitudinal Studies of Sleep and Dream Patterns in Manic-Depressive Patients

Types of Depression More Frequent in Bipolar than in Unipolar Affective Illness: Results of the Polish DEP-BI Study

“…This concurs with a suggestion of Akiskal et al [2] that many young depressive subjects with lethargy and oversleeping are not manifesting a 'neurotic' disorder, but rather a precursor of bipolar mood disorder. Our results may also confirm the observation of Hartman [5] of more frequent hypersomnia in bipolar disorder as well as the results of others, who used a broader concept of atypical depression [4,15] .…”

An Amphetamine Model of Manic Depressive Illness

“…These clinical and neurophysiological patterns are remarkably similar to those found in manicdepressive illness (7,8,29,42,47,51,73). In addition, evidence exists that brain noradrenaline metabolism is changed in a similar way in the two con ditions.…”

Sleep measurement and monitoring in children with Down syndrome: A review of the literature, 1960–2010

“…28,29,31,34 Studies reported 3 to 5 sleep cycles alternating between non-rapid-eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. REM sleep had been discovered in the early 1950s, and since the 1960s a link had been observed between REM density and learning and mental function and disorders 53,54 ; thus REM sleep was a new and intriguing topic of study. The relation between sleep and learning has long been of scientific interest.…”