Longevity Spinach (Gynura procumbens) Ameliorated Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Mediators in Cisplatin‐Induced Organ Dysfunction in Rats: Comprehensive in vivo and in silico Studies

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of Gynura procumbens (GP) leaf extract against cisplatin (CP)‐induced hepatorenal complications in Wister albino rats. Additionally, it aims to detect pol‐yphenolic compounds using high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode‐array detection (HPLC‐DAD). The rats were treated intraperitoneally with CP (7.5mg/kg) to mediate hepatorenal damage. They were then treated with GP extract (75 and 150mg/kg, P.O.) for 7 consecutive days. CP‐mediated hepatorenal biomarkers like alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspar‐tate aminotransferase, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels were normalized by GP extract in a dose‐dependent manner. Similarly, it significantly reduced CP‐induced oxidative stress inducers including nitric oxide and advanced oxidative protein products. Besides, it enhanced the antioxi‐dant enzymes, and glutathione levels. Histopathological studies showed that CP caused collagen accumulation in the liver and kidney tissues. GP extract drained the collagen mass and acted against hepatorenal damage. Ellagic acid, gallic acid, quercetin hydrate, kaempferol, and rutin hydrate were revealed in GP extract. In‐silico modelling showed good docking scores of the polyphenolic compounds with molecular targets including CYP4502E1, NF‐κB, caspase‐3, and TNF‐α. GP could be an effective therapeutic option for management of anticancer drugs’ complications like CP‐induced organ damage, although clinical studies are required to establish herbal formulation.

Gynura procumbensLeaf Extract-Loaded Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System Offers Enhanced Protective Effects in the Hepatorenal Organs of the Experimental Rats

“…After gathering the leaves, they were carefully cleaned, dried in the shade, and powdered into a fine powder. The leaf powder was soaked in ethanol, thoroughly agitated, filtered, and dried to a crude extract using a rotary evaporator as described in our previous study 28 . To use later, the extract was kept in an airtight falcon tube and refrigerated at 2 to 8 °C.…”

“…Before HPLC analysis, all solutions mixed standard, sample, and spiked solutions were degassed in an ultrasonic bath (Soner 210H, Rocker Scientific, Taiwan) for 15 min after being filtered through a 0.22 µm syringe filter (Sartorius, Germany). Dionex Chromeleon software was used to calculate data acquisition, peak integration, and calibrations (Version 6.80 RS 10) 28 .…”

“…All rats, except those in groups I and II, received treatments (both GLE and SMEDDS-GLE) for 10 days and an intraperitoneal injection (IP) of cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg dissolved in saline) on the 7 th day of the experiment and the treatment with GLE samples continued till 10 th day. The dose of GLE and SMEDDS-GLE was 75 mg/kg to assess the nephroprotective and hepatoprotective effects based on the findings of exploratory tests based on earlier reports 28 . At the end of the experiment, rats were anesthetized using ketamine (100 mg/kg), blood samples were collected, centrifuged at 8,000 × g for 10 min, and plasma was refrigerated at -80 °C until analysis.…”