Long‐term effects of homologous and heterologous <scp>SARS‐CoV</scp>‐2 vaccination on humoral and cellular immune responses

Hollstein, Moritz M.; Münsterkötter, Lennart; Schön, Michael P.; Bergmann, Armin; Husar, Thea M.; Abratis, Anna; Eidizadeh, Abass; Dierks, Sascha; Schaffrinski, Meike; Zachmann, Karolin; Schmitz, Änne; Holsapple, Jason S.; Stanisz-Bogeski, Hedwig; Schanz, Julie; Fischer, Andreas; Groß, Uwe; Leha, Andreas; Zautner, Andreas E.; Schnelle, Moritz; Erpenbeck, Luise

doi:10.1111/all.15373

Cited by 5 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…Data on the contribution and role of each of these elements in providing sufficient protection against COVID-19 are evolving. In addition, circulating and emerging variants of the concerns of SARS-CoV-2 can also account for different responses of the body to contact with the pathogen [ 55 , 56 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Antibody Response to the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Booster in Healthcare Workers: Association between the IgG Antibody Titers and Anthropometric and Body Composition Parameters

et al. 2022

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Background: Research shows that in most people, two-dose vaccination helps to shape the humoral response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Further studies are required to learn about the vaccine’s effectiveness after boosting. Methods: We conducted a prospective study among 103 healthcare workers (HCWs) from a regional multi-specialty hospital vaccinated with three doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine. We compared their immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers 14 days after the second dose with those 21 days after the booster. We also compared their anthropometric and body composition parameters with IgG concentrations at the same time points. Results: Twenty-one days after the booster, all study participants were seropositive. Their mean IgG antibody titers were significantly lower than 14 days after the second dose (158.94 AU/mL ± 90.34 AU/mL vs. 505.79 AU/mL ± 367.16 AU/mL). Post-booster Spearman’s correlation analysis showed a significantly weak correlation between the IgG antibody titer and parameters related to muscle tissue and adipose tissue (including body fat mass). Conclusions: The BNT162b2 booster stimulates the humoral response to a lesser extent than the two-dose BNT162b2 primary vaccination. The adipose and muscle tissue parameters show a weak positive correlation with the SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody titers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Antibody Response to the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Booster in Healthcare Workers: Association between the IgG Antibody Titers and Anthropometric and Body Composition Parameters

et al. 2022

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“…Assessments included analyses of the humoral and cellular immune responses in collected blood samples as well as anamnestic information via questionnaire, for example, previous PCR‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, vaccination regime, age, sex, medication, and comorbidity. Immunological differences between different vaccination regimes for the first three time points, that is, up to 2 weeks before second vaccination (T1), 2 weeks to 3 months after second vaccination (T2) and 3–7 months after second vaccination (T3) have already been reported by our group 9,17 . Here, we were able to recruit a total of 244 participants from the CoV‐ADAPT study cohort for a fourth assessment (T4) 3–7 months following their third vaccination in the time between March and June 2022.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…In a previous study, we showed that the early cellular response before the second vaccination (at T1) predicts long‐term humoral (i.e., anti‐spike‐RBD‐IgG) and cellular responses (at T3) 17 . This could be confirmed in our dataset for both groups, that is, with and without breakthrough infection, and for both the prediction of cellular immune responses (breakthrough: b = 0.85, p < 0.001 and no breakthrough: b = 0.71, p < 0.001) (Figure 5A) and humoral immune responses (breakthrough: b = 0.19, p = 0.016 and no breakthrough: b = 0.13, p = 0.012) (Figure 5B) at T3.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The prospective, observational CoV-ADAPT cohort study was Immunological differences between different vaccination regimes for the first three time points, that is, up to 2 weeks before second vaccination (T1), 2 weeks to 3 months after second vaccination (T2) and 3-7 months after second vaccination (T3) have already been reported by our group. 9,17 Here, we were able to recruit a total of 244 participants from the CoV-ADAPT study cohort for a fourth assessment (T4) 3-7 months following their third vaccination in the time between March and June 2022. For our analyses, we excluded subjects with immunosuppressive drug intake, immune-system deficiencies as well as subjects with diseases severely affecting the immune system, as previously reported.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this cohort, we recently assessed the humoral and cellular immune responses in healthcare workers at the University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG) at three different time points: less than 2 weeks before (T1), 2 weeks to 3 months after (T2) and 3-7 months after second vaccination (T3). 9,17 In the current investigation, we expanded this study and assessed breakthrough infections as well as humoral and cellular immune responses 3-7 months following third vaccination (T4). With this, we aim to better understand (i) the immunology of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections, and (ii) immunological features associated with an increased susceptibility to breakthrough infections, potentially leading to the identification of individuals at risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Humoral and cellular immune responses in fully vaccinated individuals with or without SARS‐CoV‐2 breakthrough infection: Results from the CoV‐ADAPT cohort

Hollstein,

Dierks,

Schön

et al. 2023

Journal of Medical Virology

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Despite recent advances in prophylactic vaccination, SARS‐CoV‐2 infections continue to cause significant morbidity. A better understanding of immune response differences between vaccinated individuals with and without later SARS‐CoV‐2 breakthrough infection is urgently needed. CoV‐ADAPT is a prospective long‐term study comparing humoral (anti‐spike‐RBD‐IgG, neutralization capacity, avidity) and cellular (spike‐induced T‐cell interferon‐γ [IFN‐γ] release) immune responses in individuals vaccinated against SARS‐CoV‐2 at four different time points (three before and one after third vaccination). In this cohort study, 62 fully vaccinated individuals presented with SARS‐CoV‐2 breakthrough infections vs 151 without infection 3–7 months following third vaccination. Breakthrough infections significantly increased anti‐spike‐RBD‐IgG (p < 0.01), but not spike‐directed T‐cell IFN‐γ release (TC) or antibody avidity. Despite comparable surrogate neutralization indices, the functional neutralization capacity against SARS‐CoV‐2—assessed via a tissue culture‐based assay—was significantly higher following breakthrough vs no breakthrough infection. Anti‐spike‐RBD‐IgG and antibody avidity decreased with age (p < 0.01) and females showed higher anti‐spike‐RBD‐IgG (p < 0.01), and a tendency towards higher antibody avidity (p = 0.051). The association between humoral and cellular immune responses previously reported at various time points was lost in subjects after breakthrough infections (p = 0.807). Finally, a machine‐learning approach based on our large immunological dataset (a total of 49 variables) from different time points was unable to predict breakthrough infections (area under the curve: 0.55). In conclusion, distinct differences in humoral vs cellular immune responses in fully vaccinated individuals with or without breakthrough infection could be demonstrated. Breakthrough infections predominantly drive the humoral response without boosting the cellular component. Breakthrough infections could not be predicted based on immunological data, which indicates a superior role of environmental factors (e.g., virus exposure) in individualized risk assessment.

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Natural and hybrid immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents

Rothoeft,

Maier,

Talarico

et al. 2024

Infection

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Purpose In contrast to adults, immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 in children and adolescents with natural or hybrid immunity is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to analyze different immune compartments in different age groups and whether humoral immune reactions correlate with a cellular immune response. Methods 72 children and adolescents with a preceding SARS-CoV-2 infection were recruited. 37 were vaccinated with an RNA vaccine (BNT162b2). Humoral immunity was analyzed 3–26 months (median 10 months) after infection by measuring Spike protein (S), nucleocapsid (NCP), and neutralizing antibodies (nAB). Cellular immunity was analyzed using a SARS-CoV-2-specific interferon-γ release assay (IGRA). Results All children and adolescents had S antibodies; titers were higher in those with hybrid immunity (14,900 BAU/ml vs. 2118 BAU/ml). NCP antibodies were detectable in > 90%. Neutralizing antibodies (nAB) were more frequently detected (90%) with higher titers (1914 RLU) in adolescents with hybrid immunity than in children with natural immunity (62.5%, 476 RLU). Children with natural immunity were less likely to have reactive IGRAs (43.8%) than adolescents with hybrid immunity (85%). The amount of interferon-γ released by T cells was comparable in natural and hybrid immunity. Conclusion Spike antibodies are the most reliable markers to monitor an immune reaction against SARS-CoV-2. High antibody titers of spike antibodies and nAB correlated with cellular immunity, a phenomenon found only in adolescents with hybrid immunity. Hybrid immunity is associated with markedly higher antibody titers and a higher probability of a cellular immune response than a natural immunity.

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Long‐term effects of homologous and heterologous SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination on humoral and cellular immune responses

Cited by 5 publications

References 12 publications

The Antibody Response to the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Booster in Healthcare Workers: Association between the IgG Antibody Titers and Anthropometric and Body Composition Parameters

The Antibody Response to the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Booster in Healthcare Workers: Association between the IgG Antibody Titers and Anthropometric and Body Composition Parameters

Humoral and cellular immune responses in fully vaccinated individuals with or without SARS‐CoV‐2 breakthrough infection: Results from the CoV‐ADAPT cohort

Natural and hybrid immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents

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