Long term change in chemical properties of preindustrial charcoal particles aged in forest and agricultural temperate soil

Hardy, B.; Leifeld, Jens; Knicker, Heike; Dufey, Joseph; Deforce, Koen; Cornélis, Jean-Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2017.02.008

Cited by 55 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Furthermore, the similar functional groups observed on aged biochar may have been the direct reason for similar pH values. Hardy et al (2017) suggested that carboxylic acids, as well as phenolic acids of aged biochar decreased gradually with cultivation time. It implied that the decreased functional groups might lead to aged biochar pH increase.…”

Section: Ftir Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Characterization of Aged Biochar Incubated in Different Types of Soil

et al. 2017

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Section: Ftir Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Characterization of Aged Biochar Incubated in Different Types of Soil

et al. 2017

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“…Examples of change would be exposure to oxidation via excavation (Marin-Spiotta et al, 2014), and changes in soil pH via climatic changes or alteration in land-use practice (c.f. Hardy et al, 2017). Although ancient PyC does not necessarily contain ever-increasing levels of SPAC as a precondition for its preservation, chemical degradability (at least in laboratory conditions) does appear strongly linked to the amount of SPAC in the sample, in an inverse proportional relationship (Ascough et al, 2010a(Ascough et al, , 2011a.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This suggests that the infill does not penetrate throughout the entirety of the samples as the SEM and XRF analyses were on different regions of each PyC sample. We also note that this does not preclude the deposition/precipitation of Ca-rich minerals on internal pores or surfaces on a scale that may only be visible at higher magnification, or at the molecular level via the strong affinity of Ca2+ to carboxylic groups (Hardy et al, 2017). Specimen NNB ( Figure 5D) shows wood in tangential longitudinal section with mainly uniseriate rays and one biseriate ray near base left of image.…”

Section: Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spementioning

confidence: 96%

Chemical Characteristics of Macroscopic Pyrogenic Carbon Following Millennial-Scale Environmental Exposure

Ascough

Brock

Collinson

et al. 2020

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Pyrogenic Carbon (PyC) is ubiquitous in global environments, and is now known to form a significant, and dynamic component of the global carbon cycle, with at least some forms of PyC persisting in their depositional environment for many millennia. Despite this, the factors that determine the turnover of PyC remain poorly understood, as do the physical and chemical changes that this material undergoes when exposed to the environment over tens of thousands of years. Here, we present the results of an investigation to address these knowledge gaps through chemical and physical analysis of a suite of wood PyC samples exposed to the environment for varying time periods, to a maximum of >90,000 years. This includes an assessment of the quantity of resistant carbon, known as Stable Polyaromatic Carbon (SPAC) vs. more chemically labile carbon in the samples. We find that, although production temperature is likely to determine the initial "degradation potential" of PyC, an extended exposure to environmental conditions does not necessarily mean that remaining PyC always progresses to a "SPAC-dominant" state. Instead, some ancient PyC can be composed largely of chemical components typically thought of as environmentally labile, and it is likely that the depositional environment drives the trajectory of preservation vs. loss of PyC over time. This has important implications for the size of global PyC stocks, which may have been underestimated, and also for the potential loss of previously stored PyC, when its depositional environment alters through environmental or climatic changes.

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“…This pretreatment aimed to deprotonate most carboxylic acids present at the surface of charcoal, and to saturate carboxylate anions with Ca 2+ . Hardy et al (2017b) showed that the presence of Ca decreases the thermal stability of the O-rich fraction of charcoal. This then prevents peaks from overlapping, which would otherwise bias the quantification of BC content.…”

Section: Quantification Of Charcoal-c Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Long-Term Effect of Biochar on Soil Microbial Abundance, Activity and Community Structure Is Overwritten by Land Management

Hardy

Sleutel

Dufey

et al. 2019

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Soil amendment with biochar can modify soil microbial abundance, activity and community structure. Nevertheless, the long-term evolution of these effects is unknown and of critical importance because biochar persists in soil for centuries. We selected nine charcoal kiln sites (CKS) from forests (four sites) and croplands (five sites) and determined the microbial properties of their topsoil, largely enriched with charcoal for >150 years. Adjacent soils were used as references unaffected by charcoal production. Soils were incubated in controlled conditions and emissions of CO 2 were measured for 138 days. At day 68, an aliquot was sampled from each soil to determine microbial abundance and community structure by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. Before the extraction, one standard PLFA (C21:0 PC) was added to the soil to test the influence of charcoal on PLFAs recovery. The content of uncharred SOC and pH explained a main part of the variance of soil CO 2 emissions, which supports the view that charcoal had a limited effect on soil respiration. The recovery of C21:0 PC was increased in presence of aged charcoal, which contrasts with the decreased recovery recorded shortly after biochar application. This underlines that properties of charcoal evolve dramatically over time, and that a long-term vision is critical in the perspective of amending soils with biochar. Land-use had an overriding control on the microbial community structure, surpassing the effect of a vast amount of charcoal present in the soil. In forests, 10 PLFAs from gram positive and general bacteria were significantly different between CKS and adjacent reference soils, whereas in croplands only four PLFAs from fungi, gram negative bacteria and actinomycetes were significantly affected. These results suggest that the long-term effect of charcoal on soil microbiota is overwritten by management practices. Biochar properties must therefore be regarded altogether with soil conditions to correctly design a successful soil amendment with biochar. Additionally, the absence of a relationship between individual PLFAs and charcoal-C supports the idea that the long-term effect of charcoal is related to a modification of soil ecological niche (e.g., nutrient availability, pH) rather than to an alteration of the source of organic C available to biota.

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Long term change in chemical properties of preindustrial charcoal particles aged in forest and agricultural temperate soil

Cited by 55 publications

References 61 publications

Surface Characterization of Aged Biochar Incubated in Different Types of Soil

Surface Characterization of Aged Biochar Incubated in Different Types of Soil

Chemical Characteristics of Macroscopic Pyrogenic Carbon Following Millennial-Scale Environmental Exposure

The Long-Term Effect of Biochar on Soil Microbial Abundance, Activity and Community Structure Is Overwritten by Land Management

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