Long-latency reflexes in contracted hand and foot muscles and their relations to somatosensory evoked potentials and transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex

Kurusu, Koji; Kitamura, Junichi

doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(99)00166-2

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Involvement of a transcortical pathway is constrained by afferent and efferent conduction times and cortical processing delay. Afferent conduction time as found by measuring somatosensory evoked potentials after wrist perturbations is 25-30 ms [11,12] and cortical processing delay for upper extremity is estimated at 10 ms [13]. Combined with a mean efferent motor conduction delay (measured as MEP latency) of 17.5 ms, a transcortical pathway may affect the stretch reflex from approximately 55 ms onwards.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Evidence for sustained cortical involvement in peripheral stretch reflex during the full long latency reflex period

Perenboom

Ruit

Groot

et al. 2015

Neuroscience Letters

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Adaptation of reflexes to environment and task at hand is a key mechanism in optimal motor control, possibly regulated by the cortex. In order to locate the corticospinal integration, i.e. spinal or supraspinal, and to study the critical temporal window of reflex adaptation, we combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and upper extremity muscle stretch reflexes at high temporal precision. In twelve participants (age 49 ± 13 years, eight male), afferent signals were evoked by 40 ms ramp and subsequent hold stretches of the m. flexor carpi radialis (FCR). Motor conduction delays (TMS time of arrival at the muscle) and TMS-motor threshold were individually assessed. Subsequently TMS pulses at 96% of active motor threshold were applied with a resolution of 5-10 ms between 10 ms before and 120 ms after onset of series of FCR stretches. Controlled for the individually assessed motor conduction delay, subthreshold TMS was found to significantly augment EMG responses between 60 and 90 ms after stretch onset. This sensitive temporal window suggests a cortical integration consistent with a long latency reflex period rather than a spinal integration consistent with a short latency reflex period. The potential cortical role in reflex adaptation extends over the full long latency reflex period, suggesting adaptive mechanisms beyond reflex onset.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Taking into account earlier research into conduction times of upper extremity muscles (e.g. wrist), cortical involvement might be present from 50 to 60 ms after stretch onset and onwards: 25-30 ms efferent conduction [11,12]; 10 ms cortical processing [13] and 15-20 ms afferent (motor) conduction [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Evidence for sustained cortical involvement in peripheral stretch reflex during the full long latency reflex period

Perenboom

Ruit

Groot

et al. 2015

Neuroscience Letters

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“…Last, the glabrous skin of the hand has a propensity for inducing experience-dependent plasticity within SI [18,19] whereas hairy skin, as seen in the lower limb, does not [20]. Further evidence is also found in humans such that a greater number of cortical synapses are involved in the processing of upper limb versus lower limb afferent input [21] thereby increasing the opportunity to modify afferent processing originating from the upper limb. Last, plasticity induced by the lower limb is not identical to that induced by other non-upper limb areas, such as the face.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theta burst repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation attenuates somatosensory evoked potentials from the lower limb

et al. 2012

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BackgroundContinuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) is a form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation which has been shown to alter cortical excitability in the upper limb representation of primary somatosensory cortex (SI). However, it is unknown whether cTBS modulates cortical excitability within the lower limb representation in SI. The present study investigates the effects of cTBS over the SI lower limb representation on cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex) following tibial nerve stimulation at the knee. SEPs and H-reflex were recorded before and in four time blocks up to 30 minutes following cTBS targeting the lower limb representation within SI.ResultsFollowing cTBS, the P1-N1 first cortical potential was significantly decreased at 12–16 minutes. CTBS also suppressed the P2-N2 second cortical potential for up to 30 minutes following stimulation. The H-reflex remained statistically unchanged following cTBS although there was a modest suppression observed.ConclusionWe conclude that cTBS decreases cortical excitability of the lower limb representation of SI as evidenced by suppressed SEP amplitude. The duration and magnitude of the cTBS after effects are similar to those observed in upper limb studies.

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“…Long latency reflex (LLR) of hand muscle can be elicited by electrical stimulation of digital nerves and mixed nerve (3–14). LLR consists of afferent and efferent components.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, we can apply LLR to assess the integrity of the sensory and motor system (3, 7, 12, 14). A further measurement of cortical relay time (CRT) of LLR would help evaluate the brain connection between sensory and motor areas (8, 10, 13, 14). Here, we assessed the CRT of LLR of 2 AMN patients in whom the brain magnetic resonance imaging did not show any significant abnormalities.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain dysfunction explored by long latency reflex: a study of adrenomyeloneuropathy

et al. 2001

Acta Neurologica Scandinavica

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Long-latency reflexes in contracted hand and foot muscles and their relations to somatosensory evoked potentials and transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex

Cited by 22 publications

References 21 publications

Evidence for sustained cortical involvement in peripheral stretch reflex during the full long latency reflex period

Evidence for sustained cortical involvement in peripheral stretch reflex during the full long latency reflex period

Theta burst repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation attenuates somatosensory evoked potentials from the lower limb

Brain dysfunction explored by long latency reflex: a study of adrenomyeloneuropathy

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