Locking Up Emotion: Moving Beyond Dissonance for Understanding Emotion Labor Discomfort The paper uses data from the author's dissertation, expertly advised by Dr. Stanley Deetz at the University of Colorado-Boulder. Earlier versions were presented at the annual meeting of the Western States Communication Association, 2004 and the International Communication Association, 2001.

Making Students Feel Better: Examining the Relationships between Teacher Confirmation and College Students' Emotional Outcomes

“…In particular contexts (e.g., workplace, school), individuals often feel compelled to suppress authentic emotions and display socially acceptable yet forged emotional expressions (Miller, Considine, & Garner, 2007;Tracy, 2005). Similar to emotional labor in the organization, which Morris and Feldman (1996) referred to as "the effort, planning, and control needed to express desired emotions during interpersonal transactions" (p. 987), emotion work requires students to devote a significant amount of emotional and cognitive energy toward concealing undesirable expressions (e.g., anger, frustration, boredom) in the classroom.…”

Embodying emotional dirty work: a messy text of patrolling the border

“…In this study we see how a single dirty work incident may result in a complex mix of positive and negative emotions -such as pride at apprehending a group of immigrants, mingled with guilt at keeping otherwise "innocent" people from achieving the American Dream. Coping with such complex emotional experiences is extremely challenging -especially when dirty workers, such as patrol agents, work largely alone and are unable to create sense by talking through the incident with like-minded peers (Tracy, 2005). Furthermore, given that emotions are cues for action (Hochschild, 1983), when someone simultaneously feels compassion and anger, this can lead to confusion and paralysis.…”

“…Research has documented a range of law enforcement occupations associated with dirty work, including police officers (Dick, 2005;Drew and Hulvey, 2007;Gassaway, 2007;Roca, 2010), fire fighters , correctional officers (Crawley, 2004;Tracy, 2004aTracy, , 2005, and military personnel (Casper and Moore, 2011;Kurashina, 2005). Law enforcement are dirty workers because they put their bodies in physical danger or serve others as "first responders," work closely with stigmatized populations such as criminals or homeless, and employ morally questionable techniques such as coercion or force.…”

The Feasibility and Potential of Training Correctional Officers in Flexible Styles of Communication to Reduce Burnout: A Multiple Baseline Trial in Real-Life Settings

“…Correctional officers are frequently faced with situations involving victimisation, violence, and drug-related incidents. These situations typically evoke strong negative feelings, such as anger, disgust, and fear (Tracy, 2005). However, the professional role of correctional officers also includes responsibility for upholding security at the correctional centre and actively promoting the rehabilitation of inmates (Dowden & Tellier, 2004;Schaufeli & Peeters, 2000).…”

“…Research shows that correctional officers commonly report negative job attitudes, such as cynicism, alienation, and powerlessness. However, negative attitudes and sensitivity to stress may also be related to the correctional officers' underlying personal motivation, such as interest in and commitment to one's work, as well as organisational expectations, such as treatment/custodial setting (Philliber, 1987;Tracy, 2005). In addition, previous research suggests that correctional officers' personal characteristics, such as age, years of work experience, and intention to leave the job, are associated with job stress (Dowden & Tellier, 2004).…”