Location-based intelligence - modeling behavior in humans using GPS

Abstract

This paper introduces the notion of location-based intelligence by tracking the spatial properties and behavior of a single civilian participant over a two-week study period using a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, and displaying them on a geographic information system (GIS). The paper clearly shows the power of combining speed (S), distance (D), time (T) and elevation (E) data with the exact longitude and latitude position of the user. The issues drawn from the observation and the civilian's personal diary are useful in understanding the social implications of tracking and monitoring objects and subjects using GPS. The findings show that while GPS has been used in some very innovative ways, there are a plethora of ethical dilemmas associated with its use on civilians, even if they are requesting a given service and paying for its utilization. From the information recorded during the field observation, a number of inherent technical limitations in GPS were identified which add to the complexity of such related areas as law and commerce. In conclusion, while the benefits of GPS for specific applications is apparent, safeguards need to be put in place to ensure that information gathered by the GPS is not misused or abused. One can envisage that if the wrong hands obtain location information records for individual subscribers that the potential exposure and risk might be even greater than that of stolen credit cards.

Praxistemology: Early childhood education, engineering education in a university, and universal concepts for people of all ages and abilities

“…This phenomenon is something K. Michael and M.G. Michael refer to as uberveillance [45,46,47,48], a theme she explored in the drawing shown in Fig. 12.…”

Designing privacy-aware mobility pricing systems based on user perspective

“…He also applied the theoretical countermeasures already present in location privacy research on these locations to verify their effectiveness. Michael et al (2006) used a combination of GPS receiver data and diary logs of a volunteer over a period of two weeks to seek an understanding of the social implications of tracking and monitoring subjects. Their research identifies the ethical dilemmas associated with the use of GPS on civilians and points out that adequate safeguards need to be placed to avoid abuse of information gathered through GPS technology.…”

Implementing a qualitative calculus to analyse moving point objects

“…Nowadays, hi-tech devices such as mobile phones, digicams, GPS receivers and RFIDs, are omnipresent and allow for a low cost capture of high resolution trajectories 1 of moving objects, whether these are human beings (Wang, Hu & Tan 2003, Gau et al 2004, Nielsen & Hovgesen 2004, Michael et al 2006, animals (DeCesare, Squires & Kolbe 2005, Yasuda & Arai 2005, Kritzler, Raubal & Kruger 2007, Laube et al 2007, Gagliardo et al 2007), vehicles (Brunk & Davis 2002, Brakatsoulas et al 2005, Hvidberg 2006), or even projectiles (Grace 2000). As is generally recognized, this large potential of individually-based trajectory data heralds a new era of movement analysis (Eagle & Pentland 2006, Laube et al 2007) in order to feed a broad range of application fields from ethology over traffic management to sport scene analysis and weapon guidance.…”