“…Large plaques are often painful and pruritic. When present, hypertrichosis and hyperhidrosis are confined to the pretibial myxedematous skin [63,64].…”
Many clinical conditions are presenting with sclerosis of the skin and with tissue fibrosis. These conditions may be confused with systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma). These diseases and disabilities are generally referred to as systemic sclerosis mimics or scleroderma-like syndromes. These disorders have very different etiologies and often an unclear pathogenetic mechanism. Distinct clinical characteristics, skin histology, and disease associations may allow distinguishing these conditions from systemic sclerosis and from each other. A histopathological examination with clinicopathological correlation for diagnosis is important to spare the patients from ineffective treatments and inadequate management. In this chapter, we discussed localized scleroderma, lichen sclerosus, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, eosinophilic fasciitis, scleromyxedema, and scleredema. These are often detected in the primary care setting and referred to rheumatologists for further evaluation. Rheumatologists, or preferably in collaboration with a dermatologist, must be able to promptly recognize them to provide valuable prognostic information and appropriate treatment options for affected patients.
“…Large plaques are often painful and pruritic. When present, hypertrichosis and hyperhidrosis are confined to the pretibial myxedematous skin [63,64].…”
Many clinical conditions are presenting with sclerosis of the skin and with tissue fibrosis. These conditions may be confused with systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma). These diseases and disabilities are generally referred to as systemic sclerosis mimics or scleroderma-like syndromes. These disorders have very different etiologies and often an unclear pathogenetic mechanism. Distinct clinical characteristics, skin histology, and disease associations may allow distinguishing these conditions from systemic sclerosis and from each other. A histopathological examination with clinicopathological correlation for diagnosis is important to spare the patients from ineffective treatments and inadequate management. In this chapter, we discussed localized scleroderma, lichen sclerosus, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, eosinophilic fasciitis, scleromyxedema, and scleredema. These are often detected in the primary care setting and referred to rheumatologists for further evaluation. Rheumatologists, or preferably in collaboration with a dermatologist, must be able to promptly recognize them to provide valuable prognostic information and appropriate treatment options for affected patients.
“…7,8 Three hyaluronan synthases (HAS) are involved in its synthesis. [38][39][40][41][42][43] Acropachy (digital clubbing and diaphysial proliferation) is rare, with an incidence of less than 1%. Polymer size confers specific functions on HA which include wound healing, angiogenesis, aspects of tumor growth, and host-pathogen interactions.…”
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.