Localization of electrical activity in the cat retina by an electrode marking method

Brown, Kenneth T.; Tasaki, Kyoji

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1961.sp006769

Cited by 76 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…components due to difficulties in locating the electrode tip. The locations of all amplitude maxima in this work have been confirmed by an electrode marking method (Brown & Tasaki, 1961). The methods of electrode location employed by Tomita's group have likewise proved accurate, so this factor is probably not critical.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…It follows that relationships between the three curves must be accurate. Also the retinal locations of these maxima have now been confirmed by electrode staining (Brown & Tasaki, 1961) that whereas the a-and c-waves have amplitude maxima immediately adjacent to the retinal side of Bruch's membrane, the maximum amplitude of the b-wave is in the external plexiform layer.…”

mentioning

confidence: 77%

“…This preparation can be maintained in normal physiological condition for one or two days. Methods have also been developed in this preparation for determining the location of the electrode tip by physiological criteria; these methods are at least as accurate as electrode staining procedures (Brown & Tasaki, 1961) and give immediate informatiGn about electrode depth.…”

Section: (Received 1 February 1961)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Localization of origins of electroretinogram components by intraretinal recording in the intact cat eye

Brown¹,

Wiesel²

1961

The Journal of Physiology

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257

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A large literature has developed on the electroretinogram (e.r.g.); for the most recent review see Crescitelli (1960). Structures generating the various components, however, are still not clearly identified. This problem must be solved before the significance of the e.r.g. in the visual process can be understood and before the e.r.g. can be accurately interpreted as a tool for visual research or clinical diagnosis.A number of investigators have now attacked this problem by using micropipette electrodes to record the intraretinal potentials of the frog retina

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

mentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: (Received 1 February 1961)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Localization of origins of electroretinogram components by intraretinal recording in the intact cat eye

Brown¹,

Wiesel²

1961

The Journal of Physiology

Self Cite

257

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“…This structure was described as being "of high radial resistance and capacity and small thickness". Brindley went on to suggest that the R-Membrane was associated with the external limiting membrane whereas subsequent investigators suggest that it is as a result of the tight junctions of the retinal pigment epithelium [16] [17]. The presence of this structure raised concerns among the authors that stimuli emanating from electrodes placed behind the R-Membrane would simply be shunted around the surface of the membrane, producing large areas of retinal activation or indeed a "whole-eye" response.…”

Section: B Efficacymentioning

confidence: 95%

Efficacy of supra-choroidal, bipolar, electrical stimulation in a vision prosthesis

Wong

Chen

Kerdraon

et al. 2008

2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society

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The key to successful, clinical application of therapeutic neurostimulators lies primarily with the safety and efficacy of their electrode-tissue interfaces. The authors posit that for electrical stimulation of the visual system, supra-choroidal electrode placement provides a safe, stable and readily-accessible site for implantation and the provision of electrical stimulation. The present paper explores the efficacy of supra-choroidal electrical stimulation of retinal neurons. Based upon recordings made with surface electrodes placed on the primary visual cortex, areas of activation in the cortex were shown to change when different areas on the supra-choroidal space were stimulated. Finally, the threshold to elicit a response from neurons in the visual cortex, was found to be 77.55 +/- 29.85 nC.

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“…When such a resting membrane potential was recorded a characteristic slow negative response to light always appeared. Brown & Tasaki (1961) have shown by electrode marking that after penetrating the described barrier the electrode is located against the choroidal side of Bruch's membrane, while withdrawal through the barrier to the site of maximum c-wave amplitude places the electrode against the retinal side of the pigment epithelium. Our intracellular recordings could only have been obtained from pigment epithelial cells, for they are the only cells between the two surfaces of this mechanical barrier.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rod‐dependent intracellular response to light recorded from the pigment epithelium of the cat retina

Schmidt¹,

Steinberg²

1971

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Intracellular recordings from pigment epithelial cells reveal roddependent hyperpolarizing responses to light which are identical with the c-wave of the electroretinogram. These responses were studied as a function of the duration, intensity and area of light flashes and also were compared with rod-dependent horizontal cell responses recorded under similar conditions.2. Because of the long time constant of the response (800 msec), pigment epithelial responses increased in amplitude as flash duration was increased over a wide range. The response reached a plateau at a flash duration of 2-4 sec so that longer flashes only increased the duration of the response. Responses to repetitive flashes, even at a slow rate of 2/sec were integrated to produce a sustained voltage.3. The growth of pigment epithelial response amplitude as a function of flash duration could be divided into two components. The increase in amplitude as flash duration was increased from 5-50 msec was also observed in horizontal cells and was assumed to (> 2-4 sec) the growth in amplitude was a power function of intensity (exponent = 0.6-0.7) and the response reached an amplitude ceiling at about 3-0 log td scotopic. At higher intensities the responses increased in duration (the rod after-effect).With short flashes, e.g. 480 msec, the responses continued to increase in amplitude with flash intensity well above the intensity needed to produce amplitude-ceilings for rod-dependent responses. This additional increase in amplitude resulted from integration of the rod after-effect by the pigment epithelial response.6. Rod-dependent horizontal cell responses followed the amplitude-log intensity functions that were recorded in pigment epithelial cells with long flashes. The rod after-effect was also the same function of log intensity in both responses.7. It was concluded that the pigment epithelial response is not generated by a late photoproduct. Rather, it appears to depend upon the same mechanism of rod excitation as the horizontal cell response, and the essential characteristics of both rod-dependent responses originate in individual rods.

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Localization of electrical activity in the cat retina by an electrode marking method

Cited by 76 publications

References 25 publications

Localization of origins of electroretinogram components by intraretinal recording in the intact cat eye

Localization of origins of electroretinogram components by intraretinal recording in the intact cat eye

Efficacy of supra-choroidal, bipolar, electrical stimulation in a vision prosthesis

Rod‐dependent intracellular response to light recorded from the pigment epithelium of the cat retina

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