Local birefringence measurements in single-mode fibers with coherent optical frequency-domain reflectometry

Orbital-Angular-Momentum Polarization Mode Dispersion in Optical Fibers

“…The amplitude of the time-domain data of the OBR is equivalent to a traditional optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) measurement. The measured Rayleigh backscattering intensity contains periods equal to the beat length L B 0 and to L B 0 /2 [28]. By applying an FFT to the backscattering intensity, the local beat length can be obtained.…”

“…To further investigate the discrepancy between IPGIF and RCF, we next measured the local beat lengths of the fundamental HE 11 modes (L B 0 ) using the optical backscatter reflectometer (OBR 4400) from Luna Technologies [28]. The experimental setup is plotted in Fig.…”

Optical frequency domain reflectometry: A review

“…Secondly, low power CW signal is used as test signal which does not saturate the optical amplifier-under-test. Measurement of distributed birefringence: The polarization dependence of the coherent detection scheme can be exploited to measure birefringence [9] (or beat length [10]) in single-mode fibers and birefringence of polarization-maintaining fibers [11]. Biomedical imaging: There are big potentials for biomedical imaging applications by using high performance swept lasers.…”

Distributed phase birefringence measurements based on polarization correlation in phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometers

“…Only a limited amount of techniques that allow for distributed birefringence measurements have been proposed in the state-of-the-art [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Considering that the fiber birefringence is affected by external factors, many of those techniques have been exploited for distributed optical fiber sensing in order to detect changes of environmental quantities of interest, such as strain & temperature [6], electric current [13], and external physical perturbations for intrusion detection [19].…”

“…Considering that the fiber birefringence is affected by external factors, many of those techniques have been exploited for distributed optical fiber sensing in order to detect changes of environmental quantities of interest, such as strain & temperature [6], electric current [13], and external physical perturbations for intrusion detection [19]. These techniques retrieve the information using very diverse approaches, such as polarization-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (POTDR) [7][8][9][10][11], polarizationsensitive optical frequency-domain reflectometry (POFDR) [12,13], Brillouin optical timedomain reflectometry (BOTDR) [14], optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR) [15,16], and dynamic Brillouin gratings (DBG) [6,17]. From all these techniques, POTDR and BOTDR are indirect measurement methods, in which the evolution of the state of polarization of the backscattered signal and respective beat length are measured and then used to calculate the local birefringence information based on given mathematical models.…”