Local biasing and the use of nullator-norator pairs in analog circuits designs

Abstract

A new technique is presented for biasing of analog circuits. The biasing design begins with local biasing of the nonlinear components (transistors), done according to the pre-specified operating points (OPs) and for the best performance of the circuit. Next, the transistors are replaced with their linear models to perform the AC design. Upon finishing with the AC design we need to move from the local biasing to global (normal) biasing while the OPs are kept unchanged. Here fixators-nullators plus sourcesare shown to be very instrumental and with norators-as the place holders for the DC supplies in the circuit-they make pairs. The solution of the circuit so prepared provides the DC supplies at the designated locations in the circuit. The rules to engage in circuit analysis with fixator-norator pairs are discussed, and numerous pitfalls in this line are specified. Finally, two design examples are worked out that clearly demonstrate the capability and power of the proposed technique for biasing any analog circuit.

Fixator–Norator Pairs Versus Direct Analytical Tools in Performing Analog Circuit Designs

“…1(d). This CCM is given in (3). Here, with gn selected and is very large and, hence, v n is very small, we can approximate v o = v o = 10 V [see Fig.…”

“…In return, an equal number of port Manuscript The second approach uses fixator-norator pairs (FNPs) for the design [3], [4]. Each FNP is capable of matching a design spec with a circuit component value, hence turning an analysis problem into a design problem [11], [12].…”

“…Recently, the use of FNPs have been shown to be very effective for biasing design of analog circuits [3], [4] and, here, the role of FNPs in design is extended to include some other properties of amplifiers, as well. For example, in [4], the FNP implementation takes a major role in designing active loads and current mirrors.…”

Synthesis of active circuits by combining UGCs

“…They were introduced in the early 60s (Carlin, 1964). Since then, it has been proven that these two 'weird' elements are very useful in analogue circuit synthesis and analysis; see, for instance, Hashemian (2008), Huang, Wang, Cheng, and Lin (2012), Pierzchała and Fakhfakh (2010), Sánchez-López, Fernández, Tlelo-Cuautle, and Tan (2011).…”

A nullor approach to computer-aided analogue circuit diagnosis

“…The topological conditions for diagnosability investigation using graphs containing nullators and norators are considered in Hernandes-Martinez and Sarmiento-Reyes [13]. The nullor concept is applied to automated analogue active circuit design [14]. A bibliography on research work related to nullors and their applications in circuit analysis, synthesis and design is given in Kumar and Senani [15].…”