Local Anesthesia in Ophthalmology

Retrobulbar anesthesia with and without adrenaline in extracapsular cataract surgery

“…A pressure decreasing effect of retrobulbar anesthesia, which is fortified by the addition of adrenaline, has been claimed by Atkinson (1934), Pohjanpelto (1979) and Trindade & Calixto (1981). Our results confirmed a pressure lowering effect of adrenaline, and the time needed to further reduce the IOP by digital massage was significantly reduced.…”

Retrobulbar anesthesia with and without adrenaline in extracapsular cataract surgery

“…A pressure decreasing effect of retrobulbar anesthesia, which is fortified by the addition of adrenaline, has been claimed by Atkinson (1934), Pohjanpelto (1979) and Trindade & Calixto (1981). Our results confirmed a pressure lowering effect of adrenaline, and the time needed to further reduce the IOP by digital massage was significantly reduced.…”

Painful regional anaesthesia induces an immunological stress reaction: the model of retrobulbar anaesthesia

“…For the block of the eyelid according to O'Brien [9], 1.5 mL of a bupivacaine solution [bupivacaine 0.75% (Astra, Wedel, Germany)] with the addition of 0.05 mL naphazoline nitrate 1:30000 (Novartis, Basel, Switzerland) and 7.5 IE hyaluronidase (Pharma Dessau, Dessau, Germany) per mL bupivacaine mixed with 0.5 mL of the short‐acting local anaesthetic articaine 2% (Hoechst Marion Roussel, Frankfurt, Germany) was used. For the method of retrobulbar injection according to Atkinson [10], 3.5 mL of this bupivacaine solution and 1.5 mL of articaine 2% were used. Thereafter, pressure on the eye of about 40 mmHg was applied for 10 min.…”

Comparison of Needle Path, Anesthetic Dispersion, and Quality of Anesthesia in Retrobulbar and Peribulbar Blocks

“…1 Intraconal retrobulbar block anesthesia (RBA), which consists of a 3-to 5-mL injection of local anesthetic solution into the musculo membranoso cone of the orbit, was initially performed by Atkinson in 1934. 2 The RBA has remained the technique of choice for ophthalmic blocks for decades because of its high efficacy. However, because of the complications presented by the proximity of the needle with the nerves and vessels of the orbital apex, 3,4 there was a need to seek for a safer anesthetic technique, although one without loss of quality.…”

Retrobulbar anesthesia with and without adrenaline in extracapsular cataract surgery

“…A pressure decreasing effect of retrobulbar anesthesia, which is fortified by the addition of adrenaline, has been claimed by Atkinson (1934), Pohjanpelto (1979) and Trindade & Calixto (1981). Our results confirmed a pressure lowering effect of adrenaline, and the time needed to further reduce the IOP by digital massage was significantly reduced.…”

Painful regional anaesthesia induces an immunological stress reaction: the model of retrobulbar anaesthesia

“…For the block of the eyelid according to O'Brien [9], 1.5 mL of a bupivacaine solution [bupivacaine 0.75% (Astra, Wedel, Germany)] with the addition of 0.05 mL naphazoline nitrate 1:30000 (Novartis, Basel, Switzerland) and 7.5 IE hyaluronidase (Pharma Dessau, Dessau, Germany) per mL bupivacaine mixed with 0.5 mL of the short‐acting local anaesthetic articaine 2% (Hoechst Marion Roussel, Frankfurt, Germany) was used. For the method of retrobulbar injection according to Atkinson [10], 3.5 mL of this bupivacaine solution and 1.5 mL of articaine 2% were used. Thereafter, pressure on the eye of about 40 mmHg was applied for 10 min.…”

Comparison of Needle Path, Anesthetic Dispersion, and Quality of Anesthesia in Retrobulbar and Peribulbar Blocks

“…1 Intraconal retrobulbar block anesthesia (RBA), which consists of a 3-to 5-mL injection of local anesthetic solution into the musculo membranoso cone of the orbit, was initially performed by Atkinson in 1934. 2 The RBA has remained the technique of choice for ophthalmic blocks for decades because of its high efficacy. However, because of the complications presented by the proximity of the needle with the nerves and vessels of the orbital apex, 3,4 there was a need to seek for a safer anesthetic technique, although one without loss of quality.…”

Retrobulbar anesthesia with and without adrenaline in extracapsular cataract surgery

“…A pressure decreasing effect of retrobulbar anesthesia, which is fortified by the addition of adrenaline, has been claimed by Atkinson (1934), Pohjanpelto (1979) and Trindade & Calixto (1981). Our results confirmed a pressure lowering effect of adrenaline, and the time needed to further reduce the IOP by digital massage was significantly reduced.…”

Painful regional anaesthesia induces an immunological stress reaction: the model of retrobulbar anaesthesia

“…For the block of the eyelid according to O'Brien [9], 1.5 mL of a bupivacaine solution [bupivacaine 0.75% (Astra, Wedel, Germany)] with the addition of 0.05 mL naphazoline nitrate 1:30000 (Novartis, Basel, Switzerland) and 7.5 IE hyaluronidase (Pharma Dessau, Dessau, Germany) per mL bupivacaine mixed with 0.5 mL of the short‐acting local anaesthetic articaine 2% (Hoechst Marion Roussel, Frankfurt, Germany) was used. For the method of retrobulbar injection according to Atkinson [10], 3.5 mL of this bupivacaine solution and 1.5 mL of articaine 2% were used. Thereafter, pressure on the eye of about 40 mmHg was applied for 10 min.…”

Comparison of Needle Path, Anesthetic Dispersion, and Quality of Anesthesia in Retrobulbar and Peribulbar Blocks

“…1 Intraconal retrobulbar block anesthesia (RBA), which consists of a 3-to 5-mL injection of local anesthetic solution into the musculo membranoso cone of the orbit, was initially performed by Atkinson in 1934. 2 The RBA has remained the technique of choice for ophthalmic blocks for decades because of its high efficacy. However, because of the complications presented by the proximity of the needle with the nerves and vessels of the orbital apex, 3,4 there was a need to seek for a safer anesthetic technique, although one without loss of quality.…”