Livestock and Poultry Production in Nepal and Current Status of Vaccine Development

Abstract

The livestock and poultry sectors are an integral part of Nepalese economy and lifestyle. Livestock and poultry populations have continuously been increasing in the last decade in Nepal and are likely to follow that trend as the interests in this field is growing. Infectious diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), hemorrhagic septicemia (HS), black quarter (BQ), swine fever, avian influenza, and Newcastle disease (ND) constitute one of the major health challenges to the Nepalese livestock and poultry industry. Vaccinations are an efficient means of preventing the occurrence and spread of several diseases in animals and birds. Considering this fact, the government of Nepal began the production of veterinary vaccines in the 1960s. Nepal is self-reliant in producing several vaccines for cattle and buffaloes, sheep and goats, pigs, and poultry. Despite these efforts, the demand for vaccines is not met, especially in the commercial poultry sector, as Nepal spends billions of rupees in vaccine imports each year. There is a need of strengthening laboratory facilities for the isolation and characterization of field strains of pathogens and capacity building for the production of different types of vaccines using the latest technologies to be self-reliant in veterinary vaccine production in the future in Nepal.

Informing influenza pandemic preparedness using commercial poultry farmer knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) surrounding biosecurity and self-reported avian influenza outbreaks in Nepal

“…Poultry sectors in developing countries, like Nepal, are transitioning from small-scale backyard holdings to more formal commercial production systems, which may influence their risk for emerging zoonotic diseases like AI. Food animal production in Nepal has increased by approximately 24% in the last 10 years, driven by chicken meat, and the poultry production sector accounts for approximately 4% of total GDP [ 5 , 6 ]. It is critical to prevent, prepare and control AI at Nepal's human-poultry sector interfaces to curtail the potential morbidity, mortality and economic costs of a pandemic.…”

“…The Government of Nepal implemented the Avian Influenza Control Project (AICP) between 2007 and 2011 and established the National Avian Influenza Control and Influenza Pandemic Preparedness and Response Plan (NAIIPPRP), which included a special focus on protecting poultry workers from avian influenza [ 7 ]. Sporadic outbreaks of pandemic AI strain H5N1 have been occurring in poultry populations across Nepal since 2009 [ 5 , 8 ]. Nepal had its first human casualty, a 24-year-old male, from H5N1 in March 2019 with this being the first AI human infection globally since September 2017 [ 9 ].…”

Review of Poultry Production and Poultry Vaccine Manufacture in Nepal

“…In Nepal, two-thirds of its population residing within the country are directly or indirectly engaged in agriculture (FAO, 2020b). Livestock farming is an important aspect of agricultural business in Nepal which has been continuously growing in the past decade (Poudel, Dahal, Upadhyaya, Chaudhari, & Dhakal, 2020). Agriculture sector has 27.1% contribution in the national gross domestic product (GDP) of Nepal while the poultry subsector alone has estimated 4% contribution in GDP (FAO, 2014a;MoALD, 2020).…”

Review: Strategi Praktis Penanganan Egg Drop Syndrome pada Ayam Petelur

“…Vaksinasi merupakan salah satu upaya pencegahan terhadap serangan virus, menurut sifat hidup agen infeksi, vaksin digolongkan menjadi dua yaitu: golongan pertama adalah vaksin aktif mengandung virus yang telah dilemahkan dan berfungsi sebagai stimulus pembentukan kekebalan bersifat lokal di permukaan mukosa dengan lebih cepat, vaksin ini meliputi active vaccine, live vaccine (Poudel et al, 2020).…”