Livelihood strategies, ethnicity and rural income: The case of migrant settlers and indigenous populations in the Ecuadorian Amazon

Determinants of Agricultural Diversification in a Hotspot Area: Evidence from Colonist and Indigenous Communities in the Sumaco Biosphere Reserve, Ecuadorian Amazon

“…Since the discovery of crude oil in 1967, this region began to be occupied by agricultural settler families [37] who migrated from other rural areas of Ecuador [38,39], then roads were laid down for the oil exploitation and the Agrarian Reform Laws were enacted (1964 and 1972), which stimulated the colonization of Amazonian forest land [37,39]. These factors have promoted an intense process of land use change that generally follows similar productive and survival strategies, including the cultivation of subsistence and cash crops, pasture to raise cattle [40][41][42] and timber logging [39,41,43], as well as land fragmentation due to population growth [38,40]. However, during the last two decades, Ecuador has made efforts to encourage sustainable development.…”

“…However, during the last two decades, Ecuador has made efforts to encourage sustainable development. In 2008, Ecuador became the first country to grant legal rights to nature, with the aim of improving livelihoods and agricultural production systems in the EAR [42] and in 2011 with the government announced the ATPA, which promotes a sustainable productive transformation [35].…”

“…We adopted the livelihood strategy clusters identified by Torres et al [42]. These authors used two multivariate techniques: (a) first a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to reduce dimensionality using the proportion of nine income sources.…”

Harvesting and Local Knowledge of a Cultural Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP): Gum-Resin from Boswellia serrata Roxb. in Three Protected Areas of the Western Ghats, India

“…Considering these cultural practices, experiences, and beliefs of the Soliga communities can help inform management plans and conservation of the species in its natural habitat. rural poverty in many regions of the world [6][7][8], which, under the right conditions, can also prompt resource conservation [9] and support cultural needs [10].Although many NTFP harvest systems appear ecologically sustainable [11,12], concerns are often voiced about the likelihood and potential impacts of overharvesting. This is because of the multiple uses and dependencies on NTFPs, which if overharvested could jeopardize the livelihoods, incomes, and species populations.…”

“…Considering these cultural practices, experiences, and beliefs of the Soliga communities can help inform management plans and conservation of the species in its natural habitat. rural poverty in many regions of the world [6][7][8], which, under the right conditions, can also prompt resource conservation [9] and support cultural needs [10].…”