Live attenuated pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccines

Advances in Vaccines

“…Development of malaria vaccine has been ongoing for more than 40 years. The fact that malaria is caused by parasites that makes the development of effective vaccine against malaria more difficult than the development of vaccines against bacteria and viruses [73][74][75][76][77][78].…”

Blood Stage Plasmodium falciparum Exhibits Biological Responses to Direct Current Electric Fields

“…Of the five species responsible for the more than 214 million human infections in 2014, Plasmodium falciparum is startlingly credited with about 438,000 deaths [ 1 ]. Malaria has affected humans for more than two millennia and yet, despite the many advances in the understanding of the biology of the pathogen, the development of an effective vaccine has been an elusive goal, with lower than desired protection, or difficulties in its manufacture [ 2 ]. In addition, the daunting issue of drug resistance haunt malariologists worldwide and has forced the search for new therapeutic combinations to slow down its appearance [ 3 ].…”

Conditional knockout tools: Application of site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acid via genetic code expansion in viral and parasite vaccine development

“…The efforts outlined in this work are reminiscent of many of the challenges faced in malaria vaccine development in the last few decades: antigenic variation, efficacy, safety, and being cost-effective [4] . In this study, the PTC influenza viral vaccine demonstrated better safety features relative to CAIV, while PTC vaccine might be more expensive to produce due to attenuated replication efficacy when multiple stop-codons are introduced into the viral genes.…”

“…P. falciparum and P. vivax are the two associated with most human infection incidences. In the last two centuries, obtaining an effective malaria vaccine [4] has been the goal for many scientists because malaria infects a few hundred million people every year and most of the malaria-associated deaths are in children. The World Health Organization (WHO) strategic criteria for malaria vaccines are: 1) at least 50% protection against severe malaria lasting for a minimum of a year; 2) In the long-term, provide >80% protection for 4 years against P. falciparum and P. vivax infection.…”

“…Thus far, for malaria vaccine trials, whole cell attenuated vaccines have shown much better protection efficacy [4] . Three different whole cell malaria vaccines have been examined: irradiation attenuated malaria parasites, parasite infection attenuated by drug coverage, and genetically attenuated parasites.…”