“…Speakers modify their speech to help the nonnative listener better understand the information conveyed or to help the nonnative listener continue to communicate with the native speaker (cf. Brown, 1977;Brown & Hilferty, 1986;Chaudron, 1983aChaudron, , 1986Faerch & Kasper, 1986;Hatch, 1983;Henzl, 1973Henzl, , 1975Kelch, 1985;Krashen, 1980aKrashen, , 1980bLong, 1983;Pica, Doughty, & Young, 1986;Snow & Hoefnagel-Hohle, 1982;Wesche & Ready, 1985;Wong Fillmore, 1982. The speech modifications can entail a simplification of linguistic form involving an alteration in the syntax (e.g., the use of two simple sentences rather than one complex sentence) and/or a change in the lexis of the message (e.g., using "to hold on tightly to" rather than "to cling to").…”