Liquid–Liquid Equilibria for the Ternary Systems Water + n-Pentanoic Acid with n-Heptane or Dichloromethane at 298.2 K

Abstract

The liquid–liquid equilibria for the water + n-pentanoic acid + n-heptane system and the water + n-pentanoic acid + dichloromethane system were determined at 298.2 K. The NRTL and UNIQUAC models were applied to both ternary systems. The interaction parameters obtained from the NRTL model correlated with the equilibrium compositions better than those from the UNIQUAC model.

Experimental Data and Thermodynamic Modeling of Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium for Valeric Acid Extraction from Aqueous Solutions with Methyl Ethyl Ketone and Methyl Isobutyl Ketone at Several Temperatures

“…Another application of valeric acid is that the esteric forms of its can be used as a biofuel or lubricant. 4,5 Until now, various treatment techniques including physical, chemical, and biological have been applied to remove waste substances such as dyes, heavy metals, and acids from water resources and wastewaters by adsorption, 6 chemical precipitation, 7 electrochemical technologies, 8 ion exchange, 9 extraction, 10,11 reaction of zerovalent metals, 12 membrane filtration, 13 and reverse osmosis. 14 Although many researchers have studied the extraction of valeric acid in aqueous media by organic solvents in recent years, further experimental studies on this subject are still needed.…”

“…Senol used various solvents, including aromatic solvents (xylene, chlorobenzene, benzyl ether, methylcyclohexanol, and 1-phenyl ethanol), hydrocarbons (chloroform and n-heptane), alcohol (1-octanol), and ethers (dipropyl ether and dibenzyl ether) to separate the valeric acid from aqueous solutions in his publications. 16−20 Furthermore, diethyl maleate, 21 benzonitrile, 22 butanenitrile, 23 1-undecanol, 24 n-heptane, 25 and dichloromethane 25 were used as a solvent in the extraction of the valeric acid from aqueous solutions. All liquid−liquid equilibrium systems can be modeled using thermodynamic equilibrium models based on the activity coefficient.…”

“…27 Many researchers have reported the estimated binary interaction parameters of thermodynamic models for the extraction of valeric acid from aqueous solution. 15,21,24,25 In the present work, MEK and MIBK were studied as a solvent to extract valeric acid from aqueous solution. Unlike other conventional ketone solvents, MEK and MIBK have a very low water solubility, which makes them practical and useful for liquid−liquid extraction.…”

“…Ethyl valerate and pentylvalerate are utilized as food additives because of their similar taste to the fruity flavors. Another application of valeric acid is that the esteric forms of its can be used as a biofuel or lubricant. , …”

Comparative Evaluation of the Liquid–Liquid Equilibria of the Extraction of Valeric or Caproic Acids from Water by Esters

“…The rapid growing required LLE data for the separation of carboxylic acids from water has been highlighted in earlier studies. − Many organic solvents with different functional groups have been tested as extractants for efficient separation operations. − Among the carboxylic acids, valeric acid (VA) and caproic acid (CA) are important chemicals (Figure a) because of their wide industrial applications . These carboxylic acids are mostly applied in the synthesis of esters and lubricants.…”