Linezolid Resistance in<i>Staphylococcus aureus:</i>Characterization and Stability of Resistant Phenotype

Pillai, Satish K.; Sakoulas, George; Wennersten, Christine; Eliopoulos, George M.; Moellering, Robert C.; Ferraro, Mary Jane; Gold, Howard S.

doi:10.1086/345368

Cited by 176 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…Total DNA was extracted using the Total DNA Isolation kit (Omega Bio-Tek) according to the manufacturer's instructions and used as templates for PCR amplification. The cfr gene, domain V of the 23S rRNA gene, and the rplC, rplD and rplV genes, which encode the ribosomal proteins L3, L4 and L22, respectively, were amplified as described previously (Schwarz et al, 2000;Pillai et al, 2002;Gentry et al, 2007). The PCR products were sequenced on both strands and the sequences were analysed using DNASTAR Lasergene v7.1 software.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and characterization of cfr-positive Staphylococcus aureus isolates from community-onset infectious patients in a county hospital in China

Zhao

Zheng

et al. 2015

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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The cfr gene was detected in 14 meticillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from outpatients with community-onset infections in a county hospital in China. The MIC of linezolid was 4 mg ml 21 in eight isolates and 2 mg ml 21 in six isolates. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and teicoplanin, but had elevated MICs for penicillin (0.5-128 mg ml 21), chloramphenicol (2-32 mg ml 21), clindamycin (0.5-128 mg ml 21) and erythromycin (4-128 mg ml 21 ). Nine isolates had mutations on domain V of 23S rRNA and/or the ribosomal L proteins that were not located close to the linezolid-binding pocket. Southern blotting experiments demonstrated that the cfr genes in all 14 isolates resided on plasmids. Sequence analysis of the 5.6 kb cfr-carrying plasmid segment revealed 99 % identity to the corresponding sequences in plasmid pSS-01 from animal staphylococci and plasmid pRM-01 from human staphylococci. Five isolates belonged to sequence type (ST)188 and three to ST965; the two ST types were previously reported in isolates of animal origin in some areas of China. These results indicate that the cfr-carrying plasmids in this study are likely of animal origin. The present study shows that cfr-harbouring S. aureus isolates have emerged in some areas of China and that cfr-carrying isolates may be transmitted between animals and humans.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and characterization of cfr-positive Staphylococcus aureus isolates from community-onset infectious patients in a county hospital in China

Zhao

Zheng

et al. 2015

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…Daptomycin, a lipopeptide, has a spectrum of activity very similar to vancomycin [6]. Linezolid, has excellent activity against most staphylococci in systemic infections; nevertheless, resistance has begun to emerge [7][8][9]. Although rifampicin cannot be used as a single agent to treat infections because of the rapid selection of resistant mutants [10,11], it has proven to be the most efficient antibiotic against S. epidermidis biofilm-associated infections [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro Activity of Daptomycin, Linezolid and Rifampicin on Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms

et al. 2011

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Owing to their massive use, Staphylococcus epidermidis has recently developed significant resistance to several antibiotics, and became one of the leading causes of hospital-acquired infections. Current antibiotics are typically ineffective in the eradication of bacteria in biofilmassociated persistent infections. Accordingly, the paucity of effective treatment against cells in this mode of growth is a key factor that potentiates the need for new agents active in the prevention or eradication of biofilms. Daptomycin and linezolid belong to the novel antibiotic therapies that are active against gram-positive cocci. On the other hand, rifampicin has been shown to be one of the most potent, prevalent antibiotics against S. epidermidis biofilms. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to study the susceptibility of S. epidermidis biofilm cells to the two newer antimicrobial agents previously mentioned, and compare the results obtained with the antimicrobial effect of rifampicin, widely used in the prevention/treatment of indwelling medical device infections. To this end the in vitro activities of daptomycin, linezolid, and rifampicin on S. epidermidis biofilms were accessed, using these antibiotics at MIC and peak serum concentrations. The results demonstrated that at MIC concentration, rifampicin was the most effective antibiotic tested. At peak serum concentration, both strains demonstrated similar susceptibility to rifampicin and daptomycin, with colony-forming units (CFUs) reductions of approximately 3-4 log 10 , with a slightly lower response to linezolid, which was also more strain dependent. However, considering all the parameters studied, daptomycin was considered the most effective antibiotic tested, demonstrating an excellent in vitro activity against S. epidermidis biofilm cells. In conclusion, this antibiotic can be strongly considered as an acceptable therapeutic option for S. epidermidis biofilm-associated infections and can represent a potential alternative to rifampicin in serious infections where rifampicin resistance becomes prevalent.

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“…Linezolid is usually bacteriostatic against staphylococci and enterococci (11,12). Resistance, although rare, has been reported in both staphylococcal and enterococcal isolates (8,14,16,23). The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) has defined susceptible (S), intermediate (I), and resistant (R) breakpoints for linezolid against enterococci for both disk diffusion (Ն23 mm, S; 21 to 22 mm, I; Յ20 mm, R) and dilution MIC testing (Յ2 g/ml, S; 4 g/ml, I; Ն8 g/ml, R) (2,3).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For those isolates not previously sequenced, PCR template DNA was prepared by resuspending one colony from overnight growth on a Trypticase soy agar plate (BDDS) in 100 l pure water and boiling it gently. The PCR primers, designed to amplify a 690-bp fragment of domain V of the 23S rRNA genes from S. aureus were 5Ј TGGGCACTGTCTCAACGA (23) and 3Ј ATCCCGGTCCTCTCGT ACTA (16). Primers for domain V of the 23S rRNA genes of E. faecium isolates were 5Ј GACGGAAAGACCCCATGG and 3Ј ACACTTAGATGCTTT (17), which resulted in a 718-bp fragment.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy of Six Antimicrobial Susceptibility Methods for Testing Linezolid against Staphylococci and Enterococci

et al. 2007

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A challenge panel of enterococci (n ‫؍‬ 50) and staphylococci (n ‫؍‬ 50), including 17 and 15 isolates that were nonsusceptible to linezolid, respectively, were tested with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution and disk diffusion reference methods. In addition, all 100 isolates were tested in parallel by Etest (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden), MicroScan WalkAway (Dade, West Sacramento, CA), BD Phoenix (BD Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, MD), VITEK (bioMérieux, Durham, NC), and VITEK 2 (bioMérieux) by using the manufacturers' protocols. Compared to the results of the broth microdilution method for detecting linezolidnonsusceptible staphylococci and enterococci, MicroScan results showed the highest category agreement (96.0%). The overall categorical agreement levels for VITEK 2, Etest, Phoenix, disk diffusion, and VITEK were 93.0%, 90.0%, 89.6%, 88.0%, and 85.9%, respectively. The essential agreement levels (results within ؎1 doubling dilution of the MIC determined by the reference method) for MicroScan, Phoenix, VITEK 2, Etest, and VITEK were 99.0%, 95.8%, 92.0%, 92.0%, and 85.9%, respectively. The very major error rates for staphylococci were the highest for VITEK (35.7%), Etest (40.0%), and disk diffusion (53.3%), although the total number of resistant isolates tested was small. The very major error rate for enterococci with VITEK was 20.0%. Three systems (MicroScan, VITEK, and VITEK 2) provided no interpretations of nonsusceptible results for staphylococci. These data, from a challenge panel of isolates, illustrate that the recent emergence of linezolidnonsusceptible staphylococci and enterococci is providing a challenge for many susceptibility testing systems.

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Linezolid Resistance inStaphylococcus aureus:Characterization and Stability of Resistant Phenotype

Cited by 176 publications

References 15 publications

Identification and characterization of cfr-positive Staphylococcus aureus isolates from community-onset infectious patients in a county hospital in China

Identification and characterization of cfr-positive Staphylococcus aureus isolates from community-onset infectious patients in a county hospital in China

In vitro Activity of Daptomycin, Linezolid and Rifampicin on Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms

Accuracy of Six Antimicrobial Susceptibility Methods for Testing Linezolid against Staphylococci and Enterococci

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