Linear Statistical Models for Causation: A Critical Review

Freedman, David A.

doi:10.1002/9781118445112.stat06415

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Causation is a related but not identical con-cept as information flow. The notion of causality has many interpretations, depending on the context, from philosophical [68][69][70] , to statistical [71][72][73][74][75] , to dynamical 61,64,66,76 . Here we will avoid the philosophical direction entirely, but note that some of these do coincide with the others.…”

Section: Acknowledgmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomy of leadership in collective behaviour

Garland

Berdahl

Sun

et al. 2018

Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science

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Understanding the mechanics behind the coordinated movement of mobile animal groups (collective motion) provides key insights into their biology and ecology, while also yielding algorithms for bio-inspired technologies and autonomous systems. It is becoming increasingly clear that many mobile animal groups are composed of heterogeneous individuals with differential levels and types of influence over group behaviors. The ability to infer this differential influence, or leadership, is critical to understanding group functioning in these collective animal systems. Due to the broad interpretation of leadership, many different measures and mathematical tools are used to describe and infer "leadership," e.g., position, causality, influence, and information flow. But a key question remains: which, if any, of these concepts actually describes leadership? We argue that instead of asserting a single definition or notion of leadership, the complex interaction rules and dynamics typical of a group imply that leadership itself is not merely a binary classification (leader or follower), but rather, a complex combination of many different components. In this paper, we develop an anatomy of leadership, identify several principal components, and provide a general mathematical framework for discussing leadership. With the intricacies of this taxonomy in mind, we present a set of leadership-oriented toy models that should be used as a proving ground for leadership inference methods going forward. We believe this multifaceted approach to leadership will enable a broader understanding of leadership and its inference from data in mobile animal groups and beyond.

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Section: Acknowledgmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomy of leadership in collective behaviour

Garland

Berdahl

Sun

et al. 2018

Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science

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show abstract

“…Fourth, the study's findings are based on correlational analysis, which makes it impossible to establish causality. The sort of regression analysis used in this study to test hypotheses is often used to infer causation from association (Cox & Wermuth, 2004;Freedman, 2005). However, researchers should be cautious about trying to infer causality from correlation.…”

Section: Limitations and Directions For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive and Social Factors Affecting the Use of Wikipedia and Information Seeking / Les facteurs cognitifs et sociaux déterminant l'utilisation de Wikipedia et la recherche d'information

Chung

2012

CJLT / RCAT

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Wikipedia, the free online encyclopedia, is the preferred choice among resources used by college students to meet their research needs. However, Wikipedia has been criticized for its low information quality, lack of accountability, inconsistency, and vulnerability to vandalism. Despite the warnings and concerns voiced by academia, online learning tools such as Wikipedia will continue their rise as major learning resource in today's classroom. Using a sample of 184 college students, the study proposed theoretical models to test the effects of internal beliefs, motivations, and social influences on Wikipedia use and information-seeking, and further empirically tested those models. The findings of this study suggested that Wikipedia use is driven by internal belief and peer pressure, whereas information-seeking is influenced by belief, motivation, and subjective norms. The implications of the findings for the research and practice are discussed. RésuméWikipédia, l'encyclopédie gratuite en ligne, est le choix préféré des étudiants ayant besoin de faire une recherche. Cependant, Wikipédia a été critiqué pour la faible qualité de ses informations, son manque d'imputabilité, son incohérence et sa vulnérabilité au vandalisme. En dépit des mises en garde et des inquiétudes exprimées par le milieu universitaire, l'importance en salle de classe des outils d'apprentissage en ligne tels que Wikipédia continuera de croître. Sur la base d'un échantillon de 184 étudiants de niveau collégial, l'étude a proposé des modèles théoriques pour tester les effets des croyances personnelles, des motivations et des influences sociales sur l'utilisation de Wikipédia et sur la recherche d'information. Ces modèles ont ensuite été testés empiriquement. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que l'utilisation de Wikipédia est motivée par les croyances personnelles et la pression exercée par les camarades, alors que la recherche d'information est influencée par les croyances, la motivation et des normes subjectives. L'article se termine par une discussion des implications de ces résultats pour la recherche et la pratique.CJLT/RCAT Vol. 38 (3) Wikipedia as online learning technology 2

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“…Neither are MC restricted to concerns over erroneous p < 0.05 significances: It is common (but extremely misguided) practice in the social and behavioral sciences to declare regressor effects as 'different' if one is significant (p < 0.05) and the other is not (p > 0.05), and this is another error that occurs with multiple inferences (Gelman and Stern, 2006;Freedman, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Multiple Comparisons, Statistics of

Westfall

2015

International Encyclopedia of the Social &Amp; Behavioral Sciences

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Linear Statistical Models for Causation: A Critical Review

Cited by 3 publications

References 69 publications

Anatomy of leadership in collective behaviour

Anatomy of leadership in collective behaviour

Cognitive and Social Factors Affecting the Use of Wikipedia and Information Seeking / Les facteurs cognitifs et sociaux déterminant l'utilisation de Wikipedia et la recherche d'information

Multiple Comparisons, Statistics of

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