Limb locomotion — speed distribution analysis as a new method for stance phase detection

Accuracy and precision of gait events derived from motion capture in horses during walk and trot

“…Algorithms C and D have poor accuracy in trot compared to A, B and E. Thus, it is notable that the maximal protraction and retraction for C and D do not correspond to hoof-on and hoof-off in trot. Peham et al (1999) do not discriminate between accuracy and precision for front limbs versus hind limbs. Our results support that it is not necessary to analyse the results separately for front limb and hind limb kinematics in walk, however, it is necessary to use different algorithms for hind limbs and front limbs during trot.…”

“…Hoof-on and hoof-off were extracted from motion capture using the following algorithms A-E (for further details, see supplementary table S1): Algorithm A (Peham et al, 1999) detects the beginning and ending of stance based on horizontal velocity of the distal dorsal hoof. The algorithm defines stance as the mode of fore-aft hoof velocity during each stride cycle.…”

“…Galisteo et al (2010) suggested algorithm B for use with video-based kinematics during over ground trot. Algorithm B is a modification of algorithm A (Peham et al, 1999) where hoof-on is detected using the absolute minimal fore-aft hoof velocity as a threshold. Hoof-off is defined as the angle of fetlock extension greater than 1801.…”

“…Different approaches have been investigated estimating timings for foot-on/off from motion capture for humans on a treadmill and walking over ground (Zeni et al, 2008) and humans running (Leitch et al, 2011), cats walking over ground (Pantall et al, 2012) and horses during walk (Peham et al, 1999) and trot (Galisteo et al, 2010). However, none of these algorithms have been tested and compared for horses during walk and trot on front and hind limbs.…”

“…The objective was to compare accuracy (bias) and precision (standard deviation of Contents lists available at ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jbiomech www.JBiomech.com bias) for three algorithms developed for use in humans (Leitch et al, 2011;Zeni et al, 2008) and two developed for use in horses (Galisteo et al, 2010;Peham et al, 1999) using force plates as the reference standard.…”