Lifestyle Changes in Young Adulthood and Middle Age and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and All‐Cause Mortality: The Doetinchem Cohort Study

Abstract

BackgroundThe associations between overall lifestyle profile and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and death have been mainly investigated in cross‐sectional studies. The full benefits of a healthy lifestyle may therefore be underestimated, and the magnitude of benefits associated with changes in lifestyle remains unclear. We quantified the association of changes in lifestyle profiles over 5 years with risk of CVD and all‐cause mortality.Methods and ResultsLifestyle factors (ie, diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption) and body mass index were assessed and dichotomized as healthy/unhealthy among 5263 adults ages 26 to 66 in 1993–1997 and 5 years later (1998–2002). Multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated to quantify associations of change in lifestyle with fatal/nonfatal CVD and all‐cause mortality that occurred 8 to 15 years after 1998–2002. Independent of baseline lifestyles, each decrement in number of healthy lifestyle factors was, on average, associated with 35% higher risk of CVD (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.12–1.63) and 37% higher risk of all‐cause mortality (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.10–1.70); no association was noted with increase in the number of healthy lifestyle factors (P>0.5). Individuals who maintained 4 to 5 healthy lifestyle factors had 2.5 times lower risk of CVD (HR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.25–0.63) and all‐cause mortality (HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.22–0.73) than those who maintained only 0 to 1 healthy lifestyle factor.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the benefits of healthy lifestyles may be easier lost than gained over a 5‐year period. This underscores the need for efforts to promote maintenance of healthy lifestyles throughout the life course.

Anti-Müllerian Hormone Trajectories Are Associated With Cardiovascular Disease in Women

“…22 In the current study, CVD end points included nonfatal and fatal occurrences of cerebrovascular events (stroke), coronary heart disease (CHD), and a combination of all manifestations of CVD (total CVD). Stroke comprised both hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke and was defined with the 9th (up to 1996) and 10th (from 1996 onward) editions of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9 and ICD-10, respectively) as follows: 430 to 438 (ICD-9) and I60-I67; I69; G45 (ICD-10).…”

“…Nonfasting total cholesterol and HDL-C levels were measured in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid plasma (until 1998) or serum (from 1998 onward) at the Lipid Reference Laboratory using standardized enzymatic methods. 22 …”

Association between changes in lifestyle and all-cause mortality: the Health and Lifestyle Survey

“…Reductions in mortality risk have been associated with smoking cessation,5 increases in physical activity6 7 and fruit consumption,7 8 but very few studies have examined changes in these behaviours combined. Of the two studies, one cohort study,9 and an analysis based on the control arm of a randomised colorectal screening trial,10 found that unhealthy changes in lifestyle (body mass index (BMI) <30 kg/m 2 ; non-smoking, physically active and a healthy diet) were associated with increases in mortality risk. For healthy changes, one study found the risk of mortality improved,10 whereas the other did not 9.…”

“…Of the two studies, one cohort study,9 and an analysis based on the control arm of a randomised colorectal screening trial,10 found that unhealthy changes in lifestyle (body mass index (BMI) <30 kg/m 2 ; non-smoking, physically active and a healthy diet) were associated with increases in mortality risk. For healthy changes, one study found the risk of mortality improved,10 whereas the other did not 9. However, these studies characterised obesity, which is an established risk factor for mortality,11 as part of a healthy lifestyle and did not investigate the contribution of each component of lifestyle to the association with mortality.…”

The Health Concern Scale: What Results Does the Analysis of this Scale Bring in a Population of Young Participants of a Music Festival?

“…the diet, the level of physical activity, discipline, alcohol intake, smoking etc.) has the biggest impact on health-its level of influence is as high as 50% [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Because this influence is so high, the aim of healthcare initiatives should be to raise the awareness of its importance and help in the development of a healthy lifestyle.…”