9The human brain undergoes both significant structural and functional changes across the 10 lifespan. It is important to understand the underlying causal relationship of the emerging dy-11 namical changes in functional connectivity with age. On average, functional connectivity 12 within resting-state networks weakens in magnitude while connections between resting-state 13 networks tend to increase with age. Further, few recent studies show that effective connectivity 14 within and between large scale resting-state functional networks changes over the healthy 15 lifespan. Motivated by these findings we move one step forward to investigate the effect of the 16 thalamus in the context of healthy aging. Using directed connectivity and weighted net causal 17 outflow measures on resting-state fMRI data, we examine the age-related changes in both cor-18 tical and thalamocortical causal interactions within and between resting-state networks. The 19 three of core neurocognitive networks DMN, SN, CEN networks are identified independently 20 by carrying out ICA as well as spatially matching of hub regions with the important RSNs 21 previously reported in the literature. Thereafter, multivariate GCA was performed to test for 22 23 are two major findings, firstly, we observe that within network causal connections become 24 progressively weaker with age, however, between network causal connections are getting 25 stronger with age among core neurocognitive networks, primarily a reflection of within and 26 between network resting-state functional connectivity. Secondly, significant modifications 27 were found in causal connections and net causal outflows in the presence of thalamus. Finally, 28we found that the thalamus plays a crucial role as an exogenous drive in the reorganization of 29 within network causal outflow, while Salience network plays a critical role in mediating be-30 tween network causal outflow with age among cortical networks. Our findings with the 31 weighted causal outflow measures strengthen the hypothesis that balancing within and between 32 network connectivity is perhaps critical for the preservation of cognitive functions with aging. 33 34 35