This chapter applies a human rights framework to gender inequality in tax policy. Gender inequality in economic reform is a global issue. In its recent report, Progress of the World's Women (the UN Report), UN (United Nations) Women applies international human rights standards to assess laws and policies for substantive gender equality (UN Women 2015). The UN Report confirms that women's rights cannot and should not be separated from general principles of social and economic justice, and macro-economic and fiscal policy should not be designed in isolation from a human rights agenda; on the contrary, human rights should be one of the drivers of economic reform (UN Women 2015, p. 26).UN Women is the UN entity responsible for promoting women's empowerment and gender equality. In the UN Report, UN Women advocates for a rights-based macro-economic agenda that will ensure that human rights, including the right to education and dignified employment, are protected, and are driving the process of macro-economic reform. In this chapter, we use this report as the starting point for demonstrating why a human rights framework should be used in the design of tax policy specifically. Our approach can be contrasted with approaches that focus more directly on redistributive measures. For instance, the International