License Plate Recognition From Still Images and Video Sequences: A Survey

Anagnostopoulos, Christos; Anagnostopoulos, Iraklis; Psoroulas, Ioannis; Loumos, V.; Kayafas, E.

doi:10.1109/tits.2008.922938

Cited by 495 publications

(249 citation statements)

References 161 publications

(197 reference statements)

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“…To achieve this, we assume that some RSUs are equipped with a camera and an analyzer that can take a picture of license plate of a moving vehicle, then extract the license information from the picture [4]. Cameras can be easily installed at the side or top of a road, and have been already used for detecting speeding in the real world.…”

Section: A Initialization Of Temporary Certificatementioning

confidence: 99%

Defense against Sybil attack in the initial deployment stage of vehicular ad hoc network based on roadside unit support

Park

Aslam

Turgut

et al. 2013

Security Comm Networks

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Abstract-In this paper, we propose two certificate mechanisms for preventing the Sybil attack in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET): the timestamp series approach and the temporary certificate approach. We focus on an early-stage VANET when the number of smart vehicles is only a small fraction of the vehicles on the road and the only infrastructure components available are the roadside units (RSUs). Unlike previously proposed schemes, which require a dedicated vehicular public key infrastructure to certify individual vehicles, in our approach the RSUs are the only components issuing certificates. The vehicles can obtain certificates by simply driving by RSUs, without the need to pre-register at a certificate authority (CA).The timestamp series approach exploits the fact that due to the variance of the movement patterns of the vehicles, it is extremely rare that the two vehicles pass by a series of RSUs at exactly the same time points. The vehicles obtain a series of certificates signed by the RSUs, which certify their passing by at the RSU at a certain timepoint. By exploiting the spatial and temporal correlation between vehicles and RSUs, the Sybil attack can be detected by checking the similarity of timestamp series.In the temporary certificate-based approach, an RSU issues temporary certificates valid only in a particular area for a limited time. To guarantee that each vehicle is assigned only a single certificate, at the issuance of the first certificate it is required that the RSU physically authenticate the vehicle. When driving by the subsequent RSUs, however, the certificate can be updated in chained manner. By guaranteeing that each vehicle is issued a single certificate in a single area, the Sybil attack is prevented.We provide mathematical analysis and simulation for the timestamp series approach. The simulation shows that it works with a small false-positive rate in simple roadway architecture.

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Section: A Initialization Of Temporary Certificatementioning

confidence: 99%

Defense against Sybil attack in the initial deployment stage of vehicular ad hoc network based on roadside unit support

Park

Aslam

Turgut

et al. 2013

Security Comm Networks

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[5] The authors broke license plate recognition into three parts, 1) license plate location, 2) license plate segmentation, and 3) character recognition. In addition, the authors have devised a database of license plate images and videos under varying lighting and environmental conditions that researchers may utilize as a common test set to enable comparisons of various algorithms.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That is, 2D Image coordinates are converted to 3D World coordinates using calibration parameters. [5] A new matrix is obtained:…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Speed Determination of Moving Vehicles using Lucas-Kanade Algorithm

Shukla¹,

Patel²

2012

IJCATR

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This paper presents a novel velocity estimation method for ground vehicles. The task here is to automatically estimate vehicle speed from video sequences acquired with a fixed mounted camera. The vehicle motion is detected and tracked along the frames using Lucas-Kanade algorithm. The distance traveled by the vehicle is calculated using the movement of the centroid over the frames and the speed of the vehicle is estimated. The average speed of cars is determined from various frames. The application is developed using MATLAB and SIMULINK.

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“…It is also argued that the localization step, by itself, is strongly influenced by the exactness of the general ALPR system. Several methods have been developed for localizing the number plate on a car, to name a few: edge detection using Gabor and wavelet transforms, color properties of the number plates [1], discrete Fourier transform (DFT) [2], and analyzing the histogram [3]. In some approaches, the car number plates are localized through the application of one or more of the above methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robust Search-Free Car Number Plate Localization Incorporating Hierarchical Saliency

Safaei¹,

HL²

2016

J Comput Sci Syst Biol

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There are two major shortcomings associated with presently implemented automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) systems: first, processing images with complex background is time-consuming and second, the results are not sufficiently accurate. To overcome these problems and also to achieve a robust recognition of multiple car number plates, saliency detection based on the ALPR system is used in this paper and also an improved and more effective definition of saliency is presented. In this new approach, the notion of the directionality of the edges using Gabor filtering and the detection of the patterns of numbers using L1-norm have been added to the traditional saliency detection method. The proposed algorithm was tested on 660 images; some consisting of two or more cars. A detection accuracy of 94.77% and an average execution time of 40 ms for 600 × 800 images are the marked outcomes. The proposed SB-ALPR method outperforms most of the state of the art techniques in terms of execution time and accuracy, and can be used in real-time applications. Also, unlike some recently introduced saliency-based ALPR methods, our two-stage saliency detection approach exploits smaller numbers of sample sizes to reduce the computation cost

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License Plate Recognition From Still Images and Video Sequences: A Survey

Cited by 495 publications

References 161 publications

Defense against Sybil attack in the initial deployment stage of vehicular ad hoc network based on roadside unit support

Defense against Sybil attack in the initial deployment stage of vehicular ad hoc network based on roadside unit support

Speed Determination of Moving Vehicles using Lucas-Kanade Algorithm

Robust Search-Free Car Number Plate Localization Incorporating Hierarchical Saliency

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