Lethality of aminocarb and the components of the aminocarb formulation to juvenile Atlantic salmon, marine invertebrates and a freshwater clam

McLeese, D. W.; Zitko, V.; Metcalfe, C. D.; Sergeant, D.B.

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(80)90092-2

Cited by 72 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…[3], examining Atlantic salmon 1.97 JLg/L for Decis®, a 250Jo active ingredient (w/v) EC of deltamethrin, and technical-grade deltamethrin, respectively. Increased fish mortality has also been reported with several other formulated pesticides, e.g., endosulfan [4,5] and aminocarb [6]. Various ubiquitous surfactants, including detergents, have been reported to occasionally influence the toxicity of other pesticides as well [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Differential toxicity and uptake of two fenvalerate formulations in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)

Bradbury

Coats

McKim

1985

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The influence of the commercial emulsifier on the acute toxicity and uptake of fenvalerate [(R,S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl(R,S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate], a synthetic pyre-throid insecticide, by fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) was examined. Flow-through acute toxicity testing with measured concentrations of technical-grade fenvalerate and a 30% active ingredient emulsifiable concentrate (EC) of the insecticide was conducted. Steady-state LC50 values were reached by 72 and 120 to 168 h, respectively, in tests with technical-grade and EC formulations of this insecticide. Initially, technical-grade fenvalerate was more toxic; the 96-h LC50s for technical-grade fenvalerate and the EC were 0.69 and 0.99 μg/L, respectively. By 168 h, an LC50 of 0.75 μg/L was determined for the EC, indicating that the incipient lethalities of the two formulations were similar. Fenvalerate concentration factors and residue levels in fish showed no significant differences between formulations. Residue levels associated with mortality decreased slightly with increasing fenvalerate water concentrations and ranged (mean) from approximately 1,000 to 1,500 ng/g. Levels in fish that survived testing increased with increasing exposure concentrations and ranged from about 600 to 900 ng/ g. Concentration factors of 187 to 1,860 were calculated, with a mean of 1,670, as determined from fish that survived testing. The time required to accumulate residues was greater with the EC and contributed to a significantly slower uptake rate. Slower fenvalerate uptake in the presence of emulsifiers seemingly resulted in the initially lower toxicity of the EC formulation. RightsWorks produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted. was determined for the EC, indicating that the incipient lethalities of the two formulations were similar. Fenvalerate concentration factors and residue levels in fish showed no significant differences between formulations. Residue levels associated with mortality decreased slightly with increasing fenvalerate water concentrations and ranged (mean) from approximately I ,000 to I ,500 ng/g. Levels in fish that survived testing increased with increasing exposure concentrations and ranged from about 600 to 900 ng/g. Concentration factors of 187 to 1,860 were calculated, with a mean of I ,670, as determined from fish that survived testing. The time required to accumulate residues was greater with the EC and contributed to a significantly slower uptake rate. Slower fenvalerate uptake in the presence of emulsifiers seemingly resulted in the initially lower toxicity of the EC formulation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Differential toxicity and uptake of two fenvalerate formulations in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)

Bradbury

Coats

McKim

1985

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…APEOs are highly toxic to aquatic organisms and show increasing toxicity with decreasing ethoxylate chain length (Nimrod and Benson 1996). The toxicity of nonylphenol to a variety of aquatic organisms has been examined (McLeese et al 1980, 1981, Weinberger et al 1987, Granmo et al 1989, Comber et al 1993, and LOEC values down to 6.7 g/L (for shrimp; Naylor 1995) have been reported. Marcomini et al (1990) found concentrations of NP and NPEO (with one and two ethoxylate groups) ranging from 0.15-13.7 g/g dry mass in marine sediments, and Ahel et al (1990) reported similar concentrations in river sediments (i.e., 0.51-13.1 g/g dry mass).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of 4-n-Nonylphenol on Life-History Traits and Population Dynamics of a Polychaete

Hansen

Forbes

Forbes³

1999

Ecological Applications

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Abstract. A Life-Table-Response Experiment lasting 78 d was performed to investigate the toxic effects of sediment-associated 4-n-nonylphenol (NP) on growth, reproduction, and survivorship of isolated hermaphrodites of the infaunal polychaete Capitella sp. I. Demographic effects were evaluated using both a fully age-classified and a simple twostage model to estimate population growth rates (). Decomposition analysis was performed to explore the contributions of each of the affected life-history traits to the effects observed on . Elasticity analysis was applied to examine the relative sensitivity of to changes in each of the different life-history traits under different exposure levels.In the lowest NP treatment (14 g NP/g dry mass of sediment) significant stimulatory effects were observed for both asymptotic body volume and average brood size, but these did not result in a significant effect on . Negative effects on brood size, volume-specific fecundity, time to first reproduction, and individual growth rate were significant in the highest NP treatment (174 g/g dry mass), and these effects resulted in a significant reduction in . Decomposition of the two-stage model indicated that the effect of NP on time to first reproduction was a major cause of changes in population growth rate. Although time to first reproduction increased by only ϳ20% in the highest NP treatment relative to the control, it was responsible for more than half (55%) of the effect on . In contrast, perindividual fecundity decreased by 75% but only explained 44% of the effect on . Elasticity analysis of the two-stage model showed that became less sensitive to changes in fecundity and time to maturity, but not to changes in juvenile and adult survival probabilities, with increasing NP exposure.In this study, population growth rate was not significantly affected by NP concentrations lower than those affecting the individual life-history traits. However, since the populationlevel consequences of changes in each trait depend on the starting value of , on the extent to which the other traits are impacted by the toxicant, and on the life-history characteristics of the species under consideration, the application of demographic analyses to chronic toxicity test results is required to link individual-level responses to population-level impacts of toxicant exposure.

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“…4-Nonylphenol was shown to accumulate in aquatic organisms and to be acutely toxic for them (12,18,19,23). In chronic toxicity tests, concentrations with no observable effects are as low as 3.7 g/liter for invertebrates (23).…”

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confidence: 99%

Differential Degradation of Nonylphenol Isomers by Sphingomonas xenophaga Bayram

Gabriel

Giger

Guenther

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

106

118

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Sphingomonas xenophaga Bayram, isolated from the activated sludge of a municipal wastewater treatment plant, was able to utilize 4-(1-ethyl-1,4-dimethylpentyl)phenol, one of the main isomers of technical nonylphenol mixtures, as a sole carbon and energy source. The isolate degraded 1 mg of 4-(1-ethyl-1,4-dimethylpentyl)phenol/ml in minimal medium within 1 week. Growth experiments with five nonylphenol isomers showed that the three isomers with quaternary benzylic carbon atoms [(1,1,2,4-tetramethylpentyl)phenol, 4-(1-ethyl-1,4-dimethylpentyl)phenol, and 4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenol] served as growth substrates, whereas the isomers containing one or two hydrogen atoms in the benzylic position [4-(1-methyloctyl)phenol and 4-nnonylphenol] did not. However, when the isomers were incubated as a mixture, all were degraded to a certain degree. Differential degradation was clearly evident, as isomers with more highly branched alkyl side chains were degraded much faster than the others. Furthermore, the C 9 alcohols 2,3,5-trimethylhexan-2-ol, 3,6-dimethylheptan-3-ol, and 2-methyloctan-2-ol, derived from the three nonylphenol isomers with quaternary benzylic carbon atoms, were detected in the culture fluid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, but no analogous metabolites could be found originating from 4-(1-methyloctyl)phenol and 4-n-nonylphenol. We propose that 4-(1-methyloctyl)phenol and 4-n-nonylphenol were cometabolically transformed in the growth experiments with the mixture but that, unlike the other isomers, they did not participate in the reactions leading to the detachment of the alkyl moiety. This hypothesis was corroborated by the observed accumulation in the culture fluid of an as yet unidentified metabolite derived from 4-(1-methyloctyl)phenol.

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Lethality of aminocarb and the components of the aminocarb formulation to juvenile Atlantic salmon, marine invertebrates and a freshwater clam

Cited by 72 publications

References 4 publications

Differential toxicity and uptake of two fenvalerate formulations in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)

Differential toxicity and uptake of two fenvalerate formulations in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)

Effects of 4-n-Nonylphenol on Life-History Traits and Population Dynamics of a Polychaete

Differential Degradation of Nonylphenol Isomers by Sphingomonas xenophaga Bayram

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