Lethal temperature and toxicity of ammonia in juveniles of Curimbatá (Prochilodus lineatus)

Determination of acute toxicity of unionized ammonia in juvenile longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana)

“…In the present study, histological alterations of the gills, such as cell hyperplasia, epithelial lifting, fusion of the secondary lamellae, blood congestion with hemorrhage, and destruction of lamellar epithelium, were observed. Similar changes in the gills of various freshwater and marine fish species exposed to unionized ammonia have been observed by several authors (Mangang & Pandey, 2021; Zuffo et al, 2021). Changes in gill structure, such as those mentioned above, could be examples of defensive responses against the prevailing stress because these changes act as a barrier between the external environment and the blood and thus prevent the entry of pollutants (Mangang & Pandey, 2021; Poleksić & Mitrović‐Tutundžić, 1994).…”

“…Ammonia is toxic to aquatic animals, especially when they are reared for production purposes at high stocking densities (Nerici et al, 2012). The toxic fraction of ammonia (NH 3 ‐N) exists in equilibrium with NH 4 + , and its concentration depends on pH, temperature, and salinity (Zuffo et al, 2021). In this study, the water quality parameters observed in all treatments were within the range considered safe for S. rivoliana farming (Reinoso et al, 2020; Viader‐Guerrero et al, 2021).…”

“…The experimental system was semistatic with 75% of the water renewed every 24 h with water at the same temperature, pH, and ammonia concentration. Test solutions of ammonia were prepared by dissolving 100 g/L ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl; VWR Chemicals, Solon, OH, USA) in 1 L of distilled water (Zuffo et al, 2021) as a stock solution and then diluting it to the desired concentration (Table 1). An LC 50 test was conducted with six NH 3 -N concentrations: 0.00 (control), 0.55 ± 0.00, 0.94 ± 0.02, 1.18 ± 0.00, 1.72 ± 0.02, and 1.97 ± 0.09 NH 3 -N mg/L.…”

“…Therefore, a negative gradient caused by a high ambient ammonia concentration causes NH 3 ‐N to accumulate within fish blood and tissues, causing toxic effects (Franklin & Edward, 2019; Nerici et al, 2012). In aquaculture operations, the accumulation of excreted ammonia can lead to decreased growth, increased vulnerability to disease, pathological changes in gill structure, physiological and behavioral responses, and mortality (Pedrotti et al, 2018; Wilkie, 1997; Zuffo et al, 2021), all of which contribute to a significant drop in productivity of the aquaculture system. Therefore, the determination of ammonia toxicity is necessary to obtain adequate rearing conditions, especially in semi‐intensive and intensive cultures and recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), in which degradation of the water quality by uneaten food and waste products usually occurs (Cobo et al, 2014; Ip & Chew, 2010).…”

Effect of chronic ammonia nitrogen stress on the SOD activity and interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 expression in the clam Cyclina sinensis

“…As an unavoidable factor, ammonia nitrogen easily accumulates in the aquaculture system (Barbieri and Bondioli, 2013;Egnew et al, 2019). The accumulation of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) in the water environment can ultimately lead to severe problems such as oxidative stress (Ge et al, 2022a), gill hyperplasia (Zuffo et al, 2021), inefficient feed utilization (Silva et al, 2018), and poor immune response of aquatic animals (Mangang and Pandey, 2021). As a result, some opportunistic bacteria such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus may cause serious vibriosis (Ni et al, 2020).…”