Leptosphaeria maculans Effector Protein AvrLm1 Modulates Plant Immunity by Enhancing MAP Kinase 9 Phosphorylation

Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs), which are defined as pathogenesis-related protein family 5 (PR5) members, are common plant proteins involved in defense responses and confer antifungal activity against many plant pathogens. Our earlier studies have reported that the TaTLP1 gene was isolated from wheat and proved to be involved in wheat defense in response to leaf rust attack. The present study aims to identify the interacting proteins of TaTLP1 and characterize the role of the interaction between wheat and Puccinia triticina ( Pt ). Pull-down experiments designed to isolate the molecular target of TaTLP1 in tobacco resulted in the identification of TaPR1, a pathogenesis-related protein of family 1, and the interaction between TaTLP1 and TaPR1 was confirmed by yeast two-hybrid experiments (Y2H), bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). In vitro , TaTLP1 and TaPR1 together increased antifungal activity against Pt . In vivo , the disease resistance phenotype, histological observations of fungal growth and host responses, and accumulation of H 2 O 2 in TaTLP1-TaPR1 in co-silenced plants indicated that co-silencing significantly enhanced wheat susceptibility compared to single knockdown TaTLP1 or TaPR1 plants. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly reduced in co-silenced plants compared to controls during Pt infection, which suggested that the TaTLP1-TaPR1 interaction positively modulates wheat resistance to Pt in an ROS-dependent manner. Our findings provide new insights for understanding the roles of two different PRs, TaTLP1 and TaPR1, in wheat resistance to leaf rust.

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“…benthamiana . The interaction of AvrLm1 with BnMPK9 was used as the positive control [ 48 ]. Fluorescence in leaves of N .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

TaTLP1 interacts with TaPR1 to contribute to wheat defense responses to leaf rust fungus

Wang

Shi-tao

et al. 2020

PLoS Genet

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“…3). Clear YFP fluorescent signals were also observed for the positive control, using AvrLm1-YFP N and BnMPK9-YFP C (Ma et al 2018). Co-expression of each recombinant vector with the corresponding TaPR1a signal peptide-fused YFP N and YFP C vectors (SP (TaPR1a) -YFP N and SP (TaPR1a) -YFP C ) served as negative controls, which showed no fluorescent signals.…”

Section: Protein Interaction Between Pnpi and Tapr1a In The Apoplastimentioning

confidence: 96%

Rust effector PNPi interacting with wheat TaPR1a attenuates plant defense response

Zhao

et al. 2020

Phytopathol Res

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NPR1 is a key regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plant species. In our previous study, we identified a conserved fungal effector PNPi from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) that can suppress acquired resistance in local leaf by directly targeting the wheat NPR1 protein. In this investigation, we identified and validated a novel protein interaction between PNPi and wheat pathogenesis-related TaPR1a in the apoplastic space. TaPR1a-overexpressing wheat lines exhibited enhanced resistance to both Pst and Puccinia triticina (Pt). We further determined that exogenous expression of PNPi RNA in transgenic wheat lines reduced the degree of acquired resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae isolate P131 in the region adjacent to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 infection area. Additionally, when PNPi was overexpressed, the expression levels of two plant defense responsive genes were suppressed upon P. syringae DC3000 infection in the local infiltration region. These findings established the mechanism of a single rust effector that can suppress multiple defense responses in wheat plants by targeting different components.

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“…All these studies suggest that Avr genes in L. maculans likely play a role in manipulating host resistance in the apoplast environment. The AvrLm1 protein reportedly interacts with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 9 in B. napus (BnMPK9) [ 124 ]. Furthermore, MAPK9 is implicated as a positive regulator of ROS-mediated abscisic acid (ABA) signalling in the guard cells of the plant, fostering stomatal closure [ 125 , 126 ].…”

Section: Application Of Omics Technologies In Brassica mentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Host–Pathogen Interactions in Brassica napus in the Omics Era

Neik

Amas

Barbetti

et al. 2020

Plants

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Brassica napus (canola/oilseed rape/rapeseed) is an economically important crop, mostly found in temperate and sub-tropical regions, that is cultivated widely for its edible oil. Major diseases of Brassica crops such as Blackleg, Clubroot, Sclerotinia Stem Rot, Downy Mildew, Alternaria Leaf Spot and White Rust have caused significant yield and economic losses in rapeseed-producing countries worldwide, exacerbated by global climate change, and, if not remedied effectively, will threaten global food security. To gain further insights into the host–pathogen interactions in relation to Brassica diseases, it is critical that we review current knowledge in this area and discuss how omics technologies can offer promising results and help to push boundaries in our understanding of the resistance mechanisms. Omics technologies, such as genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics approaches, allow us to understand the host and pathogen, as well as the interaction between the two species at a deeper level. With these integrated data in multi-omics and systems biology, we are able to breed high-quality disease-resistant Brassica crops in a more holistic, targeted and accurate way.

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Leptosphaeria maculans Effector Protein AvrLm1 Modulates Plant Immunity by Enhancing MAP Kinase 9 Phosphorylation

Cited by 44 publications

References 63 publications

TaTLP1 interacts with TaPR1 to contribute to wheat defense responses to leaf rust fungus

TaTLP1 interacts with TaPR1 to contribute to wheat defense responses to leaf rust fungus

Rust effector PNPi interacting with wheat TaPR1a attenuates plant defense response

Understanding Host–Pathogen Interactions in Brassica napus in the Omics Era

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