We point out that extensions of the Standard Model with low scale (∼ TeV) lepton number violation (LNV) generally lead to a pattern of lepton flavor violation (LFV) experimentally distinguishable from the one implied by models with GUT scale LNV. As a consequence, muon LFV processes provide a powerful diagnostic tool to determine whether or not the effective neutrino mass can be deduced from the rate of neutrinoless double beta decay. We discuss the role of µ → eγ and µ → e conversion in nuclei, which will be studied with high sensitivity in forthcoming experiments.In the past few years convincing experimental evidence for neutrino oscillations has been collected [1], implying that neutrinos are massive particles, with masses much smaller than those of other known fermions. Since the Standard Model of particle physics assumes that neutrinos are massless, the study of neutrino mass and the properties of massive neutrinos provides important clues about a more fundamental theory that goes beyond the Standard Model. Among the most urgent open questions in neutrino physics are the determination of (i) neutrino charge conjugation properties (Dirac or Majorana) and (ii) the absolute mass scale in the spectrum.The study of neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ) can help addressing these issues. For one, observation of this ∆L = 2 process would establish the existence of total lepton number violation (LNV), thereby implying that neutrinos are massive Majorana particles [2]. Ideally, the observation of 0νββ would also help determine the absolute scale of neutrino mass, since the total decay rate (Γ 0νββ ) arising from light Majorana neutrinos is proportional to the square of the effective mass, m ββ (defined precisely below). It has long been recognized, however, that the extraction of m ββ from Γ 0νββ is problematic, since LNV interactions involving heavy (∼ TeV) particles can make comparably important contributions to the rate. Thus, in the absence of additional information about the mechanism responsible for 0νββ, one could not unambiguously infer m ββ from Γ 0νββ .In this Letter, we show that experimental searches for lepton flavor violation (LFV) involving charged leptons can help to address this problem by providing a powerful "diagnostic tool" for establishing the 0νββ mechanism. Here, we focus on the Standard Modelforbidden processes µ → eγ and µ → e conversion in nuclei that will be studied with unprecedented sensitivity in the forthcoming MEG [3] and MECO [4] experiments, respectively. The relevant branching ratios are B µ→eγ = Γ(µ → eγ)/Γ (0) µ and B µ→e = Γ conv /Γ capt , where µ → eγ is normalized to the standard muon decay rate, while µ → e conversion is normalized to the capture rate Γ capt . The new experiments will probe B µ→eγ and B µ→e at levels that would be sensitive to the effects of LFV induced by interactions involving TeV scale particles. Since models for the generation of Majorana neutrino masses typically also imply the existence of such interactions, studies of charged lepton LFV can also provi...