Learning to perceive the relative mass of colliding balls: The effects of ratio scaling and feedback

Jacobs, David M.; Michaels, Claire F.; Runeson, Sverker

doi:10.3758/bf03212135

Cited by 59 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 15 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…van der Meer (2000, 2007) showed similar developmental changes in variable use in the control of eye blinking movements during the first 6 months after birth. This process of the education of attention has also been demonstrated in several perceptual tasks: the visual perception of the pulling-force of a stick figure (e.g., Michaels & de Vries, 1998), the visual perception of the relative mass of colliding balls (e.g., Jacobs et al, 2000Jacobs et al, , 2001Runeson et al, 2000;Runeson & Andersson, 2007), and height and length perception by dynamic touch (Menger & Withagen, in press;Michaels et al, 2008;Wagman et al, 2001;Withagen & Michaels, 2005b;Withagen & van Wermeskerken, 2009). 2 These studies all show that the detected variables often correlate with the to-be-perceived property, but are not specific to it.…”

Section: Empirical Studies Of Perception Action Learning and Develmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Inclined to an ecological perspective, these studies have searched for specifying patterns in the ambient arrays that uniquely constrain the perception or action. Yet they have revealed that humans often rely on variables that correlate with, but are not specific to, the to-be-perceived property (e.g., Caljouw et al, 2004;Mi-chaels et al, 2001;Tresilian, 1999;van de Langenberg et al, 2006;van der Kamp et al, 1997 However, after feedback they can converge on more useful patterns in the ambient array, but often end up detecting variables that do not specify the to-be-perceived property (e.g., Fajen & Devaney, 2006;Jacobs et al, 2000Jacobs et al, , 2001Kayed & van der Meer, 2000Michaels & de Vries, 1998;Michaels et al, 2008;Runeson et al, 2000;Runeson & Andersson, 2007;van Hof, van der Kamp, & Savelsbergh, 2006, 2008Wagman, Shockley, Riley, & Turvey, 2001;Withagen & Michaels, 2005b;Withagen & van Wermeskerken, 2009). It is beyond the scope of this paper to provide a detailed description of all these studies.…”

Section: Empirical Studies Of Perception Action Learning and Develmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the theory of direct perception has gained credibility over the past couple of decades or so, several empirical studies have revealed inadequacies in the concept of information as specification. Participants were found to vary in the informational basis of their perception or action (e.g., Jacobs, Michaels, & Runeson, 2000;Jacobs, Runeson, & Michaels, 2001;Menger & Withagen, in press;Michaels & de Vries, 1998;Michaels, Arzamarski, Isenhower, & Jacobs, 2008;Runeson et al, 2000;Runeson & Andersson, 2007;Withagen & Michaels, 2005b;Withagen & van Wermeskerken, 2009). Furthermore, several studies have revealed that participants often rely on variables that correlate with, but are not specific to, the to-be-perceived property (e.g., Caljouw, van der Kamp, & Savelsbergh, 2004;Jacobs et al, 2001;Michaels, Zeinstra, & Oudejans, 2001;Tresilian, 1999;van de Langenberg, Kingma, & Beek, 2006;van der Kamp, Savelsbergh, & Smeets, 1997).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Towards a new ecological conception of perceptual information: Lessons from a developmental systems perspective

Withagen¹,

Kamp²

2010

Human Movement Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Over the last two decades or so, empirical studies of perception, action, learning, and development have revealed that participants vary in what variable they detect and use and often rely on nonspecifying variables. This casts doubt on the Gibsonian conception of information as specification. It is argued that a recent ecological conception of information has solved important problems, but falls short in explaining what determines the object of perception. Drawing on recent work on developmental systems, we sketch the outlines of an alternative conception of perceptual information.It is argued that perceptual information does not reside in the ambient arrays; rather, perceptual information is a relational property of patterns in the array and perceptual processes. What a pattern in the ambient flow informs about depends on the perceiver who uses it. Here, we explore the implications of this alternative conception of information for the ecological approach to perception and action. The concept of information is a strongly debated notion in the study of perception and action. Indeed, among the issues that separate contemporary approaches to perception and action is the idea of what information is and where it resides. Proponents of indirect theories of perception have asserted that the information involved in perception exists both in the environment and the perceiver. Roughly speaking, this theory holds that the stimulus information that impinges on the senses is impoverished and needs to be enriched (e.g., Fodor & Pylyshyn, 1981;Neisser, 1967;Ullman, 1980). Thus, information residing in the animal enriches the impoverished stimulus information that the senses receive from the environment. Advocates of the theory of direct perception, by contrast, have claimed that all the information that is needed for perception is "out there" in the environment. J. J. Gibson (1966Gibson ( , 1979Gibson ( /1986, the founder of the ecological theory, asserted that the ambient energy arrays contain information that is rich and sufficient for perception. Because information in the arrays is specific to environmental properties, enrichment processes can be dispensed with. Perception is simply the extraction of specifying information that resides in the ambient array.Since its inception in the 1960s and 1970s, J. J. Gibson's ecological theory of perception and action has inspired many researchers, giving rise to a fruitful experimental program, the results of which are steadily accumulating (e

show abstract

Section: Empirical Studies Of Perception Action Learning and Develmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Empirical Studies Of Perception Action Learning and Develmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Towards a new ecological conception of perceptual information: Lessons from a developmental systems perspective

Withagen¹,

Kamp²

2010

Human Movement Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Such a learning process has been demonstrated, for instance, in the visual perception of pulling force (Michaels & de Vries, 1998;cf. Jacobs, Michaels, Zaal, & Runeson, 2001), the distance and size of freely falling balls , and the relative mass of colliding balls (Jacobs, Michaels, & Runeson, 2000;Runeson, Juslin, & Olsson, 2000). In all these studies, observers differed from one another and changed in the optical variables they used.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lateral interception I: Operative optical variables, attunement, and calibration.

Jacobs¹,

Michaels²

2006

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

) suggested that improvement in perception and action can be attributed in part to changes in which variable is attended to. Such reattunement has been demonstrated with observers making judgments in response to simulations. The present study sought attunement changes in the perception of real events and in visually guided action. In 3 experiments, adults judged the passing distance of or attempted to catch balls. Discrete measures and the predictions of a modified required velocity model (e.g., R. J. Bootsma, V. Fayt, F. T. J. M. Zaal, & M. Laurent, 1997) were used to reveal which variables were exploited. Participants differed from each other and, to some extent, changed in the optical variables used, in catching as well as judging. Nevertheless, the changes were much smaller than in previous simulation-judgment studies; calibration was also found to underlie the improvements in performance.

show abstract

“…This raises the issue of interindividual differences in the capacity for perceptual learning. Over the last decade, several ecologically motivated studies have reported considerable individual differences in perceptual learning in Western participants (e.g., Jacobs, Michaels, & Runeson, 2000;Jacobs et al, 2001;Menger & Withagen, 2009;Michaels & de Vries, 1998;Runeson & Andersson, 2007;Withagen & van Wermeskerken, 2009). Participants have been found to vary in the degrees to which they were able to take advantage of feedback in order to attune to more useful informational variables (Withagen & van Wermeskerken, 2009).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultural and learning differences in the Judd illusion

Kamp

Withagen

Wit

2013

Atten Percept Psychophys

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the present study, we examined whether individual differences in the perception of illusory Judd drawings point to variability in the pickup of informational variables. Two sources for these individual differences were addressed: culture and learning. East Asian (n = 24) and Western (n = 24) participants made perceptual judgments of the midpoint of the shaft of various Judd figures in a pretestpractice-posttest design. During practice, half of the participants received feedback about the actual midpoint after each trial, while the other half did not receive feedback. The results showed differences among perceivers of different cultures in judging the midpoints of the shafts of Judd figures, particularly with respect to their propensity to improve perceptual accuracy after repeated practice and feedback. For most participants, changes in illusory bias as a consequence of learning were shown to reflect either a change in what informational variable they exploited or a rescaling or calibration of the perception to the informational variable. However, the individual differences in illusory bias related to culture could not be unequivocally attributed to either of these perceptual-learning processes.

show abstract

Learning to perceive the relative mass of colliding balls: The effects of ratio scaling and feedback

Cited by 59 publications

References 15 publications

Towards a new ecological conception of perceptual information: Lessons from a developmental systems perspective

Towards a new ecological conception of perceptual information: Lessons from a developmental systems perspective

Lateral interception I: Operative optical variables, attunement, and calibration.

Cultural and learning differences in the Judd illusion

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About